2023 Reports

Time for Change: A National Scan and Analysis of Hybrid Justice Systems for Emerging Adults

Siringil Perker, Selen; Chester, Lael E. H.

This national report is the first to systematically document the existence of emerging adult jurisdiction—hybrid systems (also known as “youthful offender laws”)—that create a distinct path for emerging adults (ages 18–25) involved in the criminal legal system. Through a wide range of legal provisions, hybrid systems aim to reduce some of the harm imposed by the adult system while extending rehabilitative opportunities from the juvenile system to support a healthy transition to adulthood.

The report includes a detailed legal analysis of hybrid systems in seven jurisdictions: Alabama, the District of Columbia, Florida, Michigan, New York, South Carolina, and Vermont. It also offers recommendations for a model hybrid statute to serve as a resource for states that wish to adopt or expand hybrid systems.