2025 Articles

Unlocking the geography of Azobé timber (Lophira alata): revealing spatial genetic structure beyond species boundaries

Rocha Venancio Meyer-Sand, Barbara; Boeschoten, Laura E.; Bouka, Gaël U.; Ciliane-Madikou, Jannici C.; de Groot, G. A.; de Vries, Nathalie; Engone Obiang, Nestor L.; Esselink, Danny; Guieshon-Engongoro, Mesly; Hardy, Olivier J.; Jansen, Simon; Loumeto, Joël J.; Mbika, Dieu-merci M.; Moundounga, Cynel G.; Ndiade-Bourobou, Dyana; Ndangani, Rita M.; Smulders, Marinus J. M.; Tassiamba, Steve N.; Tchamba, Martin T.; Toumba-Paka, Bijoux B.; Zanguim, Herman T.; Zemtsa, Pascaline T.; Zuidema, Pieter A.

Background
The illegal trade of tropical timber constitutes a major and persistent environmental problem. Since the detection of fraud in trade documents remains challenging, forensic tools that can independently trace timber origin are needed. In this study, we evaluated the potential of the chloroplast genome (plastome) as a genetic tool to verify the claimed species and geographic origin of timber from Azobé (Lophira alata), an intensively exploited and threatened tropical tree species.

Results
We sampled 480 trees from Lophira alata and the congeneric species L. lanceolata across nine countries in Central and West Africa. Sampling included L. alata trees from 15 logging concessions in Cameroon, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. DNA was isolated from the cambium or leaf tissue, and complete plastid genomes were assembled. A total of 228 SNPs from 436 trees were retained, which formed 35 pDNA haplotypes (with a length of 179 SNPs). The two Lophira species shared one plastid haplotype and contained several closely related plastid haplotypes. For the exploited L. alata, we detected a moderately strong correlation between genetic and spatial distances. Two haplotypes were widely spread across the core of Central Africa, while several others were more spatially constrained or endemic, for example, in West Gabon (potentially a L. alata cryptic species) and Northern Congo.

Conclusions
The distribution of haplotypes revealed a clear spatial structure. Some widely spread haplotypes potentially hamper site distinction of Azobé wood samples, but still reveal their wider region of origin. In regions where endemic haplotypes are present, differentiation may be successful at finer scales. Thus, the potential spatial resolution for timber tracing may vary across regions. We assembled the first reference database of plastome-wide SNP datasets for Azobé timber, with a focus on the major logging areas. Our work represents a step towards plastome-based timber tracing for this species, but also reveals limited potential of this method for species differentiation. To validate the potential of the plastid genome for timber tracing, further steps, including assignment and blind sample tests, will be needed.