WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.399 --> 00:00:04.070 align:start position:0% great<00:00:00.840> thanks<00:00:01.040> a<00:00:01.240> lot<00:00:01.760> uh<00:00:01.920> to<00:00:02.600> uh<00:00:03.240> the<00:00:03.600> uh<00:00:03.760> covid 00:00:04.070 --> 00:00:04.080 align:start position:0% great thanks a lot uh to uh the uh covid 00:00:04.080 --> 00:00:07.110 align:start position:0% great thanks a lot uh to uh the uh covid information<00:00:04.920> Commons<00:00:05.920> uh<00:00:06.160> building<00:00:06.600> the 00:00:07.110 --> 00:00:07.120 align:start position:0% information Commons uh building the 00:00:07.120 --> 00:00:09.390 align:start position:0% information Commons uh building the community<00:00:08.120> I'm<00:00:08.280> happy<00:00:08.519> to<00:00:08.840> have<00:00:09.040> an 00:00:09.390 --> 00:00:09.400 align:start position:0% community I'm happy to have an 00:00:09.400 --> 00:00:12.549 align:start position:0% community I'm happy to have an opportunity<00:00:09.960> to<00:00:10.759> share<00:00:11.080> a<00:00:11.200> little<00:00:11.400> bit<00:00:11.559> of<00:00:12.040> our 00:00:12.549 --> 00:00:12.559 align:start position:0% opportunity to share a little bit of our 00:00:12.559 --> 00:00:16.470 align:start position:0% opportunity to share a little bit of our interests<00:00:13.559> um<00:00:13.960> I<00:00:14.120> think<00:00:14.320> of<00:00:14.519> this<00:00:14.679> as<00:00:15.119> a<00:00:16.119> broad 00:00:16.470 --> 00:00:16.480 align:start position:0% interests um I think of this as a broad 00:00:16.480 --> 00:00:18.310 align:start position:0% interests um I think of this as a broad community<00:00:16.960> that<00:00:17.320> includes<00:00:17.760> not<00:00:17.920> only 00:00:18.310 --> 00:00:18.320 align:start position:0% community that includes not only 00:00:18.320 --> 00:00:20.870 align:start position:0% community that includes not only scientists<00:00:18.960> but<00:00:19.439> uh<00:00:19.640> social<00:00:20.039> scientists<00:00:20.680> so 00:00:20.870 --> 00:00:20.880 align:start position:0% scientists but uh social scientists so 00:00:20.880 --> 00:00:23.630 align:start position:0% scientists but uh social scientists so I've<00:00:21.039> tried<00:00:21.480> to<00:00:22.480> put<00:00:22.800> together<00:00:23.000> a<00:00:23.119> talk<00:00:23.400> that 00:00:23.630 --> 00:00:23.640 align:start position:0% I've tried to put together a talk that 00:00:23.640 --> 00:00:27.470 align:start position:0% I've tried to put together a talk that will<00:00:24.640> be<00:00:25.160> understandable<00:00:25.680> by<00:00:25.880> all<00:00:26.279> all<00:00:27.279> the 00:00:27.470 --> 00:00:27.480 align:start position:0% will be understandable by all all the 00:00:27.480 --> 00:00:29.310 align:start position:0% will be understandable by all all the title<00:00:27.840> has<00:00:28.039> changed<00:00:28.400> a<00:00:28.519> little<00:00:28.760> bit<00:00:29.039> rather 00:00:29.310 --> 00:00:29.320 align:start position:0% title has changed a little bit rather 00:00:29.320 --> 00:00:32.310 align:start position:0% title has changed a little bit rather than<00:00:29.599> e<00:00:30.119> ological<00:00:30.599> Dynamics<00:00:31.160> I<00:00:31.240> will<00:00:31.439> focus<00:00:31.840> on 00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:32.320 align:start position:0% than e ological Dynamics I will focus on 00:00:32.320 --> 00:00:35.310 align:start position:0% than e ological Dynamics I will focus on evolutionary<00:00:33.440> dynamics<00:00:34.440> of<00:00:34.600> human<00:00:34.920> Corona 00:00:35.310 --> 00:00:35.320 align:start position:0% evolutionary dynamics of human Corona 00:00:35.320 --> 00:00:37.670 align:start position:0% evolutionary dynamics of human Corona viruses<00:00:36.040> and<00:00:36.399> what<00:00:36.600> one<00:00:36.800> might<00:00:37.000> be<00:00:37.160> able<00:00:37.320> to 00:00:37.670 --> 00:00:37.680 align:start position:0% viruses and what one might be able to 00:00:37.680 --> 00:00:40.270 align:start position:0% viruses and what one might be able to learn<00:00:38.680> uh<00:00:38.800> from<00:00:39.040> such<00:00:39.320> processes<00:00:39.840> I<00:00:40.000> might 00:00:40.270 --> 00:00:40.280 align:start position:0% learn uh from such processes I might 00:00:40.280 --> 00:00:42.110 align:start position:0% learn uh from such processes I might actually<00:00:40.559> inform<00:00:41.079> how<00:00:41.280> we<00:00:41.440> think<00:00:41.640> about<00:00:41.879> new 00:00:42.110 --> 00:00:42.120 align:start position:0% actually inform how we think about new 00:00:42.120 --> 00:00:44.190 align:start position:0% actually inform how we think about new strategies<00:00:42.640> for<00:00:43.000> preventing<00:00:43.520> future 00:00:44.190 --> 00:00:44.200 align:start position:0% strategies for preventing future 00:00:44.200 --> 00:00:46.150 align:start position:0% strategies for preventing future pandemics 00:00:46.150 --> 00:00:46.160 align:start position:0% pandemics 00:00:46.160 --> 00:00:50.310 align:start position:0% pandemics so<00:00:47.160> covid-19<00:00:48.199> persists<00:00:49.199> okay<00:00:49.480> this<00:00:49.960> uh<00:00:50.079> is<00:00:50.199> a 00:00:50.310 --> 00:00:50.320 align:start position:0% so covid-19 persists okay this uh is a 00:00:50.320 --> 00:00:52.349 align:start position:0% so covid-19 persists okay this uh is a little<00:00:50.520> bit<00:00:50.800> out<00:00:51.000> of<00:00:51.199> date<00:00:51.520> but<00:00:51.680> this<00:00:51.800> is<00:00:51.960> from 00:00:52.349 --> 00:00:52.359 align:start position:0% little bit out of date but this is from 00:00:52.359 --> 00:00:56.630 align:start position:0% little bit out of date but this is from August<00:00:53.160> uh<00:00:53.320> 2024<00:00:54.160> so<00:00:55.079> last<00:00:55.399> month<00:00:55.879> where<00:00:56.480> there 00:00:56.630 --> 00:00:56.640 align:start position:0% August uh 2024 so last month where there 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seven<00:01:06.040> days<00:01:06.280> so<00:01:06.520> people<00:01:06.799> continue 00:01:07.190 --> 00:01:07.200 align:start position:0% previous seven days so people continue 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:10.149 align:start position:0% previous seven days so people continue to<00:01:07.320> be<00:01:07.680> infected<00:01:08.680> and<00:01:08.799> the<00:01:09.000> cases<00:01:09.520> also<00:01:10.000> at 00:01:10.149 --> 00:01:10.159 align:start position:0% to be infected and the cases also at 00:01:10.159 --> 00:01:13.030 align:start position:0% to be infected and the cases also at least<00:01:10.400> in<00:01:10.799> in<00:01:11.000> August<00:01:11.920> last<00:01:12.159> month<00:01:12.680> they<00:01:12.799> were 00:01:13.030 --> 00:01:13.040 align:start position:0% least in in August last month they were 00:01:13.040 --> 00:01:16.590 align:start position:0% least in in August last month they were increasing<00:01:13.560> over<00:01:13.880> the<00:01:14.520> last<00:01:15.200> 28<00:01:15.680> days<00:01:16.000> or<00:01:16.159> so 00:01:16.590 --> 00:01:16.600 align:start position:0% increasing over the last 28 days or so 00:01:16.600 --> 00:01:18.310 align:start position:0% increasing over the last 28 days or so so<00:01:16.799> the<00:01:16.920> numbers<00:01:17.200> are<00:01:17.360> certainly<00:01:17.720> much<00:01:17.960> lower 00:01:18.310 --> 00:01:18.320 align:start position:0% so the numbers are certainly much lower 00:01:18.320 --> 00:01:19.630 align:start position:0% so the numbers are certainly much lower than<00:01:18.479> they<00:01:18.560> were<00:01:18.759> at<00:01:18.880> the<00:01:19.040> height<00:01:19.280> of<00:01:19.400> the 00:01:19.630 --> 00:01:19.640 align:start position:0% than they were at the height of the 00:01:19.640 --> 00:01:22.429 align:start position:0% than they were at the height of the pandemic<00:01:20.479> but<00:01:20.640> we<00:01:20.759> know<00:01:21.439> uh<00:01:21.720> people<00:01:21.920> are<00:01:22.119> still 00:01:22.429 --> 00:01:22.439 align:start position:0% pandemic but we know uh people are still 00:01:22.439 --> 00:01:24.270 align:start position:0% pandemic but we know uh people are still getting<00:01:22.759> infected<00:01:23.360> and<00:01:23.520> we<00:01:23.640> don't<00:01:23.840> know<00:01:24.119> what 00:01:24.270 --> 00:01:24.280 align:start position:0% getting infected and we don't know what 00:01:24.280 --> 00:01:27.069 align:start position:0% getting infected and we don't know what will<00:01:24.479> be<00:01:24.720> happening<00:01:25.720> uh<00:01:25.840> during<00:01:26.200> the<00:01:26.640> the 00:01:27.069 --> 00:01:27.079 align:start position:0% will be happening uh during the the 00:01:27.079 --> 00:01:30.590 align:start position:0% will be happening uh during the the coming<00:01:27.880> uh<00:01:28.159> months<00:01:28.600> or<00:01:28.920> years<00:01:29.920> so<00:01:30.079> why<00:01:30.240> does<00:01:30.360> it 00:01:30.590 --> 00:01:30.600 align:start position:0% coming uh months or years so why does it 00:01:30.600 --> 00:01:33.710 align:start position:0% coming uh months or years so why does it persist<00:01:31.600> well<00:01:32.439> basically<00:01:32.920> the<00:01:33.079> virus<00:01:33.560> the 00:01:33.710 --> 00:01:33.720 align:start position:0% persist well basically the virus the 00:01:33.720 --> 00:01:37.270 align:start position:0% persist well basically the virus the SARS<00:01:34.159> K2<00:01:34.759> continues<00:01:35.240> to<00:01:35.560> evolve<00:01:36.560> and<00:01:36.759> I<00:01:37.000> won't 00:01:37.270 --> 00:01:37.280 align:start position:0% SARS K2 continues to evolve and I won't 00:01:37.280 --> 00:01:39.069 align:start position:0% SARS K2 continues to evolve and I won't go<00:01:37.399> into<00:01:37.680> the<00:01:37.920> details<00:01:38.399> this<00:01:38.520> was<00:01:38.720> nicely 00:01:39.069 --> 00:01:39.079 align:start position:0% go into the details this was nicely 00:01:39.079 --> 00:01:42.030 align:start position:0% go into the details this was nicely reviewed<00:01:39.520> in<00:01:40.119> uh<00:01:40.399> last<00:01:40.720> year<00:01:41.479> essentially<00:01:41.960> if 00:01:42.030 --> 00:01:42.040 align:start position:0% reviewed in uh last year essentially if 00:01:42.040 --> 00:01:45.230 align:start position:0% reviewed in uh last year essentially if you<00:01:42.240> look<00:01:42.360> at<00:01:42.560> this<00:01:43.079> um<00:01:43.479> figure<00:01:43.920> from<00:01:44.920> uh<00:01:45.079> a 00:01:45.230 --> 00:01:45.240 align:start position:0% you look at this um figure from uh a 00:01:45.240 --> 00:01:48.590 align:start position:0% you look at this um figure from uh a timeline<00:01:45.960> from<00:01:46.640> uh<00:01:46.799> January<00:01:47.439> 2020<00:01:48.079> out<00:01:48.280> to 00:01:48.590 --> 00:01:48.600 align:start position:0% timeline from uh January 2020 out to 00:01:48.600 --> 00:01:51.069 align:start position:0% timeline from uh January 2020 out to December<00:01:49.320> 2022<00:01:50.320> you<00:01:50.439> see<00:01:50.640> a<00:01:50.759> bunch<00:01:50.920> of 00:01:51.069 --> 00:01:51.079 align:start position:0% December 2022 you see a bunch of 00:01:51.079 --> 00:01:53.550 align:start position:0% December 2022 you see a bunch of different<00:01:51.360> colors<00:01:52.159> uh<00:01:52.320> appearing<00:01:53.000> and 00:01:53.550 --> 00:01:53.560 align:start position:0% different colors uh appearing and 00:01:53.560 --> 00:01:56.149 align:start position:0% different colors uh appearing and disappearing<00:01:54.560> uh<00:01:54.759> that<00:01:54.880> are<00:01:55.119> correlated<00:01:55.840> with 00:01:56.149 --> 00:01:56.159 align:start position:0% disappearing uh that are correlated with 00:01:56.159 --> 00:01:59.910 align:start position:0% disappearing uh that are correlated with various<00:01:56.479> strains<00:01:57.360> of<00:01:57.600> the<00:01:58.119> virus<00:01:59.119> uh<00:01:59.280> isolated 00:01:59.910 --> 00:01:59.920 align:start position:0% various strains of the virus uh isolated 00:01:59.920 --> 00:02:02.069 align:start position:0% various strains of the virus uh isolated from<00:02:00.159> patients<00:02:00.600> over<00:02:00.840> this<00:02:01.119> period<00:02:01.880> and 00:02:02.069 --> 00:02:02.079 align:start position:0% from patients over this period and 00:02:02.079 --> 00:02:04.510 align:start position:0% from patients over this period and essentially<00:02:02.560> the<00:02:02.719> virus<00:02:03.119> is<00:02:04.119> uh<00:02:04.280> being 00:02:04.510 --> 00:02:04.520 align:start position:0% essentially the virus is uh being 00:02:04.520 --> 00:02:05.950 align:start position:0% essentially the virus is uh being displaced<00:02:05.079> various<00:02:05.320> strains<00:02:05.640> are<00:02:05.759> being 00:02:05.950 --> 00:02:05.960 align:start position:0% displaced various strains are being 00:02:05.960 --> 00:02:09.070 align:start position:0% displaced various strains are being displaced<00:02:06.439> by<00:02:06.600> new<00:02:07.080> strains<00:02:08.080> that<00:02:08.280> are<00:02:08.920> uh 00:02:09.070 --> 00:02:09.080 align:start position:0% displaced by new strains that are uh 00:02:09.080 --> 00:02:13.550 align:start position:0% displaced by new strains that are uh continuing<00:02:09.640> to<00:02:10.200> evolve<00:02:11.480> so<00:02:12.480> uh<00:02:12.879> it<00:02:13.040> persists 00:02:13.550 --> 00:02:13.560 align:start position:0% continuing to evolve so uh it persists 00:02:13.560 --> 00:02:16.630 align:start position:0% continuing to evolve so uh it persists because<00:02:13.800> it<00:02:14.200> evolves<00:02:15.200> and<00:02:15.560> of<00:02:15.720> course<00:02:16.120> we<00:02:16.280> know 00:02:16.630 --> 00:02:16.640 align:start position:0% because it evolves and of course we know 00:02:16.640 --> 00:02:20.110 align:start position:0% because it evolves and of course we know that<00:02:16.879> we<00:02:17.120> have<00:02:17.440> each<00:02:17.920> gotten<00:02:18.720> uh<00:02:19.120> hopefully 00:02:20.110 --> 00:02:20.120 align:start position:0% that we have each gotten uh hopefully 00:02:20.120 --> 00:02:22.309 align:start position:0% that we have each gotten uh hopefully vaccinated<00:02:20.840> at<00:02:21.040> least<00:02:21.280> once<00:02:21.560> and<00:02:21.720> in<00:02:22.080> many 00:02:22.309 --> 00:02:22.319 align:start position:0% vaccinated at least once and in many 00:02:22.319 --> 00:02:24.190 align:start position:0% vaccinated at least once and in many cases<00:02:22.680> multiple<00:02:23.239> times<00:02:23.560> to<00:02:23.760> protect 00:02:24.190 --> 00:02:24.200 align:start position:0% cases multiple times to protect 00:02:24.200 --> 00:02:26.550 align:start position:0% cases multiple times to protect ourselves<00:02:25.200> but<00:02:25.319> we're<00:02:25.599> be<00:02:25.720> being<00:02:26.000> protected 00:02:26.550 --> 00:02:26.560 align:start position:0% ourselves but we're be being protected 00:02:26.560 --> 00:02:29.190 align:start position:0% ourselves but we're be being protected against<00:02:27.239> current<00:02:27.680> or<00:02:28.000> past<00:02:28.239> strains<00:02:28.800> and<00:02:28.959> not 00:02:29.190 --> 00:02:29.200 align:start position:0% against current or past strains and not 00:02:29.200 --> 00:02:32.229 align:start position:0% against current or past strains and not necessarily<00:02:30.000> future<00:02:30.480> strains<00:02:31.480> likewise 00:02:32.229 --> 00:02:32.239 align:start position:0% necessarily future strains likewise 00:02:32.239 --> 00:02:34.630 align:start position:0% necessarily future strains likewise there<00:02:32.360> are<00:02:32.800> drugs<00:02:33.360> that<00:02:33.920> have<00:02:34.080> been<00:02:34.239> developed 00:02:34.630 --> 00:02:34.640 align:start position:0% there are drugs that have been developed 00:02:34.640 --> 00:02:37.390 align:start position:0% there are drugs that have been developed to<00:02:34.800> Target<00:02:35.239> specific<00:02:35.680> virus<00:02:36.239> functions<00:02:37.239> as 00:02:37.390 --> 00:02:37.400 align:start position:0% to Target specific virus functions as 00:02:37.400 --> 00:02:41.589 align:start position:0% to Target specific virus functions as well<00:02:37.640> as<00:02:38.360> um<00:02:39.319> antibody<00:02:40.319> types<00:02:40.560> of<00:02:40.840> therapies 00:02:41.589 --> 00:02:41.599 align:start position:0% well as um antibody types of therapies 00:02:41.599 --> 00:02:45.589 align:start position:0% well as um antibody types of therapies but<00:02:41.800> again<00:02:42.120> these<00:02:42.280> are<00:02:43.200> targeting<00:02:44.200> uh<00:02:44.959> viruses 00:02:45.589 --> 00:02:45.599 align:start position:0% but again these are targeting uh viruses 00:02:45.599 --> 00:02:48.229 align:start position:0% but again these are targeting uh viruses as<00:02:45.879> they've<00:02:46.200> ex<00:02:46.519> existed<00:02:46.879> in<00:02:47.000> the<00:02:47.239> lab<00:02:48.080> have 00:02:48.229 --> 00:02:48.239 align:start position:0% as they've ex existed in the lab have 00:02:48.239 --> 00:02:51.070 align:start position:0% as they've ex existed in the lab have been<00:02:48.760> uh<00:02:48.920> demonstrated<00:02:49.680> but<00:02:49.959> have<00:02:50.599> uh<00:02:50.800> can 00:02:51.070 --> 00:02:51.080 align:start position:0% been uh demonstrated but have uh can 00:02:51.080 --> 00:02:54.270 align:start position:0% been uh demonstrated but have uh can give<00:02:51.319> rise<00:02:51.599> to<00:02:52.000> resistant<00:02:52.879> viruses<00:02:53.879> so<00:02:54.120> to 00:02:54.270 --> 00:02:54.280 align:start position:0% give rise to resistant viruses so to 00:02:54.280 --> 00:02:55.949 align:start position:0% give rise to resistant viruses so to better<00:02:54.879> understand<00:02:55.159> what's<00:02:55.440> going<00:02:55.640> on<00:02:55.840> in 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quote from some 00:03:03.120 --> 00:03:05.309 align:start position:0% and share a famous quote from some immunologists<00:03:04.040> that<00:03:04.239> a<00:03:04.400> virus<00:03:04.720> is<00:03:04.879> simply<00:03:05.200> a 00:03:05.309 --> 00:03:05.319 align:start position:0% immunologists that a virus is simply a 00:03:05.319 --> 00:03:07.789 align:start position:0% immunologists that a virus is simply a piece<00:03:05.480> of<00:03:05.680> bad<00:03:05.879> news<00:03:06.239> wrapped<00:03:06.519> up<00:03:06.640> in<00:03:06.799> protein 00:03:07.789 --> 00:03:07.799 align:start position:0% piece of bad news wrapped up in protein 00:03:07.799 --> 00:03:10.550 align:start position:0% piece of bad news wrapped up in protein where<00:03:07.920> the<00:03:08.080> bad<00:03:08.280> news<00:03:08.760> is<00:03:09.400> the<00:03:09.560> genome<00:03:10.200> shown 00:03:10.550 --> 00:03:10.560 align:start position:0% where the bad news is the genome shown 00:03:10.560 --> 00:03:13.710 align:start position:0% where the bad news is the genome shown here<00:03:10.799> schematically<00:03:11.519> as<00:03:11.680> this<00:03:12.080> linear<00:03:13.080> entity 00:03:13.710 --> 00:03:13.720 align:start position:0% here schematically as this linear entity 00:03:13.720 --> 00:03:18.430 align:start position:0% here schematically as this linear entity with<00:03:14.040> various<00:03:14.680> genes<00:03:15.680> uh<00:03:16.200> that's<00:03:16.959> the<00:03:17.959> genome 00:03:18.430 --> 00:03:18.440 align:start position:0% with various genes uh that's the genome 00:03:18.440 --> 00:03:21.789 align:start position:0% with various genes uh that's the genome for<00:03:18.799> SARS<00:03:19.239> K2<00:03:20.120> the<00:03:20.360> virus<00:03:20.840> that<00:03:21.120> caused<00:03:21.519> the 00:03:21.789 --> 00:03:21.799 align:start position:0% for SARS K2 the virus that caused the 00:03:21.799 --> 00:03:23.949 align:start position:0% for SARS K2 the virus that caused the pandemic<00:03:22.799> and<00:03:22.959> when<00:03:23.080> we<00:03:23.159> say<00:03:23.319> it's<00:03:23.480> wrapped<00:03:23.799> up 00:03:23.949 --> 00:03:23.959 align:start position:0% pandemic and when we say it's wrapped up 00:03:23.959 --> 00:03:26.750 align:start position:0% pandemic and when we say it's wrapped up in<00:03:24.159> protein<00:03:24.599> and<00:03:24.799> this<00:03:25.040> genome<00:03:25.480> is<00:03:25.920> um<00:03:26.400> is<00:03:26.560> put 00:03:26.750 --> 00:03:26.760 align:start position:0% in protein and this genome is um is put 00:03:26.760 --> 00:03:29.270 align:start position:0% in protein and this genome is um is put into<00:03:26.959> a<00:03:27.120> nanop<00:03:27.519> particle<00:03:28.040> and<00:03:28.200> the<00:03:28.439> B<00:03:28.920> the<00:03:29.200> the 00:03:29.270 --> 00:03:29.280 align:start position:0% into a nanop particle and the B the the 00:03:29.280 --> 00:03:31.509 align:start position:0% into a nanop particle and the B the the surface<00:03:29.799> of<00:03:29.920> this<00:03:30.120> particle<00:03:30.799> are<00:03:31.000> the<00:03:31.159> various 00:03:31.509 --> 00:03:31.519 align:start position:0% surface of this particle are the various 00:03:31.519 --> 00:03:33.710 align:start position:0% surface of this particle are the various Spike<00:03:32.000> proteins<00:03:32.640> that<00:03:32.799> the<00:03:32.920> virus<00:03:33.239> uses<00:03:33.560> to 00:03:33.710 --> 00:03:33.720 align:start position:0% Spike proteins that the virus uses to 00:03:33.720 --> 00:03:39.710 align:start position:0% Spike proteins that the virus uses to enter<00:03:34.360> cells<00:03:35.360> so<00:03:35.959> um<00:03:36.680> this<00:03:37.360> uh<00:03:38.360> this<00:03:39.040> particle 00:03:39.710 --> 00:03:39.720 align:start position:0% enter cells so um this uh this particle 00:03:39.720 --> 00:03:42.470 align:start position:0% enter cells so um this uh this particle then<00:03:40.280> when<00:03:40.439> it<00:03:40.640> encounters<00:03:41.159> a<00:03:41.480> susceptible 00:03:42.470 --> 00:03:42.480 align:start position:0% then when it encounters a susceptible 00:03:42.480 --> 00:03:45.110 align:start position:0% then when it encounters a susceptible cell<00:03:43.319> whether<00:03:43.519> it's<00:03:43.680> in<00:03:43.799> the<00:03:43.959> brain<00:03:44.280> or<00:03:44.640> in<00:03:44.840> the 00:03:45.110 --> 00:03:45.120 align:start position:0% cell whether it's in the brain or in the 00:03:45.120 --> 00:03:47.750 align:start position:0% cell whether it's in the brain or in the respiratory<00:03:45.760> tract<00:03:46.720> uh<00:03:46.840> sends<00:03:47.159> the<00:03:47.319> bad<00:03:47.519> news 00:03:47.750 --> 00:03:47.760 align:start position:0% respiratory tract uh sends the bad news 00:03:47.760 --> 00:03:50.270 align:start position:0% respiratory tract uh sends the bad news into<00:03:48.000> the<00:03:48.200> cell<00:03:49.200> and<00:03:49.360> that<00:03:49.519> bad<00:03:49.720> news<00:03:50.000> gets 00:03:50.270 --> 00:03:50.280 align:start position:0% into the cell and that bad news gets 00:03:50.280 --> 00:03:52.149 align:start position:0% into the cell and that bad news gets Amplified<00:03:50.879> into<00:03:51.200> something<00:03:51.560> we<00:03:51.680> might<00:03:51.879> call 00:03:52.149 --> 00:03:52.159 align:start position:0% Amplified into something we might call 00:03:52.159 --> 00:03:54.030 align:start position:0% Amplified into something we might call followers<00:03:52.720> for<00:03:52.920> the<00:03:53.040> biologist<00:03:53.640> these<00:03:53.840> are 00:03:54.030 --> 00:03:54.040 align:start position:0% followers for the biologist these are 00:03:54.040 --> 00:03:56.630 align:start position:0% followers for the biologist these are message<00:03:54.959> of<00:03:55.120> the<00:03:55.280> virus<00:03:55.599> and<00:03:55.840> proteins<00:03:56.480> and 00:03:56.630 --> 00:03:56.640 align:start position:0% message of the virus and proteins and 00:03:56.640 --> 00:03:59.030 align:start position:0% message of the virus and proteins and the<00:03:56.760> followers<00:03:57.239> of<00:03:57.439> this<00:03:57.640> bad<00:03:57.879> news<00:03:58.480> amplify 00:03:59.030 --> 00:03:59.040 align:start position:0% the followers of this bad news amplify 00:03:59.040 --> 00:04:01.789 align:start position:0% the followers of this bad news amplify the<00:03:59.200> bad<00:03:59.360> news<00:03:59.840> make<00:04:00.040> more<00:04:00.239> of<00:04:00.400> it<00:04:01.040> they<00:04:01.239> also 00:04:01.789 --> 00:04:01.799 align:start position:0% the bad news make more of it they also 00:04:01.799 --> 00:04:03.910 align:start position:0% the bad news make more of it they also package<00:04:02.200> the<00:04:02.400> bad<00:04:02.599> news<00:04:02.879> and<00:04:03.040> make<00:04:03.280> new<00:04:03.519> virus 00:04:03.910 --> 00:04:03.920 align:start position:0% package the bad news and make new virus 00:04:03.920 --> 00:04:05.750 align:start position:0% package the bad news and make new virus particles<00:04:04.480> which<00:04:04.599> are<00:04:04.760> then<00:04:04.920> released<00:04:05.360> into 00:04:05.750 --> 00:04:05.760 align:start position:0% particles which are then released into 00:04:05.760 --> 00:04:09.110 align:start position:0% particles which are then released into the<00:04:06.680> uh<00:04:06.840> to<00:04:07.000> the<00:04:07.120> world<00:04:08.079> external<00:04:08.599> world<00:04:08.920> of 00:04:09.110 --> 00:04:09.120 align:start position:0% the uh to the world external world of 00:04:09.120 --> 00:04:11.149 align:start position:0% the uh to the world external world of the<00:04:09.280> cell<00:04:09.879> and<00:04:10.000> they<00:04:10.079> can<00:04:10.239> go<00:04:10.400> and<00:04:10.599> infect 00:04:11.149 --> 00:04:11.159 align:start position:0% the cell and they can go and infect 00:04:11.159 --> 00:04:14.550 align:start position:0% the cell and they can go and infect other<00:04:11.840> cells<00:04:12.840> uh<00:04:13.200> the<00:04:13.360> news<00:04:13.640> is<00:04:13.920> bad<00:04:14.239> because 00:04:14.550 --> 00:04:14.560 align:start position:0% other cells uh the news is bad because 00:04:14.560 --> 00:04:16.670 align:start position:0% other cells uh the news is bad because generally<00:04:15.200> the<00:04:15.319> cell<00:04:15.640> that<00:04:16.079> receives<00:04:16.320> the<00:04:16.479> bad 00:04:16.670 --> 00:04:16.680 align:start position:0% generally the cell that receives the bad 00:04:16.680 --> 00:04:18.990 align:start position:0% generally the cell that receives the bad news<00:04:17.079> dies<00:04:17.680> in<00:04:17.880> this<00:04:18.160> process<00:04:18.720> of 00:04:18.990 --> 00:04:19.000 align:start position:0% news dies in this process of 00:04:19.000 --> 00:04:21.349 align:start position:0% news dies in this process of transforming<00:04:19.639> a<00:04:19.799> single<00:04:20.239> virus<00:04:21.040> into 00:04:21.349 --> 00:04:21.359 align:start position:0% transforming a single virus into 00:04:21.359 --> 00:04:24.350 align:start position:0% transforming a single virus into anywhere<00:04:21.759> from<00:04:22.000> 10<00:04:22.360> to<00:04:22.880> 10,000<00:04:23.880> virus 00:04:24.350 --> 00:04:24.360 align:start position:0% anywhere from 10 to 10,000 virus 00:04:24.360 --> 00:04:26.909 align:start position:0% anywhere from 10 to 10,000 virus particles<00:04:25.360> so<00:04:25.600> this<00:04:25.720> is<00:04:25.880> how<00:04:26.080> bad<00:04:26.360> news 00:04:26.909 --> 00:04:26.919 align:start position:0% particles so this is how bad news 00:04:26.919 --> 00:04:30.150 align:start position:0% particles so this is how bad news spreads<00:04:27.919> a<00:04:28.120> byproduct<00:04:28.720> of<00:04:28.919> this<00:04:29.320> process<00:04:30.039> that 00:04:30.150 --> 00:04:30.160 align:start position:0% spreads a byproduct of this process that 00:04:30.160 --> 00:04:33.670 align:start position:0% spreads a byproduct of this process that is<00:04:30.360> not<00:04:30.720> widely<00:04:31.560> appreciated<00:04:32.560> is<00:04:32.880> that<00:04:33.360> uh<00:04:33.520> the 00:04:33.670 --> 00:04:33.680 align:start position:0% is not widely appreciated is that uh the 00:04:33.680 --> 00:04:35.830 align:start position:0% is not widely appreciated is that uh the bad<00:04:33.919> news<00:04:34.240> can<00:04:34.520> also<00:04:34.919> make<00:04:35.320> what<00:04:35.479> we<00:04:35.639> could 00:04:35.830 --> 00:04:35.840 align:start position:0% bad news can also make what we could 00:04:35.840 --> 00:04:38.950 align:start position:0% bad news can also make what we could call<00:04:36.160> fake<00:04:36.560> news<00:04:37.560> so<00:04:38.160> in<00:04:38.360> addition<00:04:38.639> to 00:04:38.950 --> 00:04:38.960 align:start position:0% call fake news so in addition to 00:04:38.960 --> 00:04:41.430 align:start position:0% call fake news so in addition to amplifying<00:04:39.639> the<00:04:39.840> bad<00:04:40.120> news<00:04:40.400> during<00:04:40.720> a<00:04:40.880> normal 00:04:41.430 --> 00:04:41.440 align:start position:0% amplifying the bad news during a normal 00:04:41.440 --> 00:04:44.510 align:start position:0% amplifying the bad news during a normal infection<00:04:42.440> a<00:04:42.639> byproduct<00:04:43.240> of<00:04:43.440> this<00:04:43.800> process<00:04:44.400> is 00:04:44.510 --> 00:04:44.520 align:start position:0% infection a byproduct of this process is 00:04:44.520 --> 00:04:46.670 align:start position:0% infection a byproduct of this process is to<00:04:44.680> make<00:04:44.919> genomes<00:04:45.440> that<00:04:45.600> are<00:04:45.840> defective<00:04:46.560> that 00:04:46.670 --> 00:04:46.680 align:start position:0% to make genomes that are defective that 00:04:46.680 --> 00:04:49.670 align:start position:0% to make genomes that are defective that are<00:04:46.880> lacking<00:04:47.520> essential<00:04:48.520> information<00:04:49.280> needed 00:04:49.670 --> 00:04:49.680 align:start position:0% are lacking essential information needed 00:04:49.680 --> 00:04:50.710 align:start position:0% are lacking essential information needed for 00:04:50.710 --> 00:04:50.720 align:start position:0% for 00:04:50.720 --> 00:04:53.950 align:start position:0% for replication<00:04:51.720> we<00:04:51.880> call<00:04:52.160> these<00:04:52.960> genomes 00:04:53.950 --> 00:04:53.960 align:start position:0% replication we call these genomes 00:04:53.960 --> 00:04:56.469 align:start position:0% replication we call these genomes defective<00:04:54.440> virus<00:04:54.800> genomes<00:04:55.360> or<00:04:55.560> in<00:04:55.720> this<00:04:56.000> case 00:04:56.469 --> 00:04:56.479 align:start position:0% defective virus genomes or in this case 00:04:56.479 --> 00:05:00.430 align:start position:0% defective virus genomes or in this case fake<00:04:56.919> news<00:04:57.919> they<00:04:58.199> can<00:04:58.639> also<00:04:59.039> be<00:04:59.400> pack<00:04:59.680> ped<00:05:00.080> into 00:05:00.430 --> 00:05:00.440 align:start position:0% fake news they can also be pack ped into 00:05:00.440 --> 00:05:03.670 align:start position:0% fake news they can also be pack ped into particles<00:05:00.960> and<00:05:01.199> we<00:05:01.360> call<00:05:01.600> them<00:05:02.479> zombie<00:05:03.440> uh 00:05:03.670 --> 00:05:03.680 align:start position:0% particles and we call them zombie uh 00:05:03.680 --> 00:05:06.510 align:start position:0% particles and we call them zombie uh virus<00:05:04.360> particles<00:05:05.360> so<00:05:05.560> in<00:05:05.720> this<00:05:05.880> case<00:05:06.039> a<00:05:06.199> zombie 00:05:06.510 --> 00:05:06.520 align:start position:0% virus particles so in this case a zombie 00:05:06.520 --> 00:05:08.550 align:start position:0% virus particles so in this case a zombie virus<00:05:06.880> particle<00:05:07.320> is<00:05:07.440> a<00:05:07.600> piece<00:05:07.800> of<00:05:07.919> fake<00:05:08.160> news 00:05:08.550 --> 00:05:08.560 align:start position:0% virus particle is a piece of fake news 00:05:08.560 --> 00:05:11.150 align:start position:0% virus particle is a piece of fake news wrapped<00:05:08.880> up<00:05:09.000> in<00:05:09.199> protein<00:05:10.000> it's<00:05:10.120> a<00:05:10.320> byproduct 00:05:11.150 --> 00:05:11.160 align:start position:0% wrapped up in protein it's a byproduct 00:05:11.160 --> 00:05:14.189 align:start position:0% wrapped up in protein it's a byproduct of<00:05:11.360> normal<00:05:11.880> Virus<00:05:12.400> Infection<00:05:13.400> such<00:05:13.720> particles 00:05:14.189 --> 00:05:14.199 align:start position:0% of normal Virus Infection such particles 00:05:14.199 --> 00:05:16.909 align:start position:0% of normal Virus Infection such particles have<00:05:14.360> been<00:05:14.479> known<00:05:14.800> for<00:05:15.039> over<00:05:15.320> 50<00:05:15.759> years<00:05:16.520> for 00:05:16.909 --> 00:05:16.919 align:start position:0% have been known for over 50 years for 00:05:16.919 --> 00:05:19.270 align:start position:0% have been known for over 50 years for virtually<00:05:17.560> every<00:05:17.919> virus<00:05:18.360> including<00:05:18.880> Corona 00:05:19.270 --> 00:05:19.280 align:start position:0% virtually every virus including Corona 00:05:19.280 --> 00:05:22.350 align:start position:0% virtually every virus including Corona viruses<00:05:19.840> influenza<00:05:20.440> viruses<00:05:21.000> Deni<00:05:21.440> viruses 00:05:22.350 --> 00:05:22.360 align:start position:0% viruses influenza viruses Deni viruses 00:05:22.360 --> 00:05:23.749 align:start position:0% viruses influenza viruses Deni viruses list<00:05:22.639> goes<00:05:22.840> on<00:05:23.000> and 00:05:23.749 --> 00:05:23.759 align:start position:0% list goes on and 00:05:23.759 --> 00:05:26.469 align:start position:0% list goes on and on<00:05:24.759> why<00:05:24.880> do<00:05:25.000> we<00:05:25.160> call<00:05:25.319> them<00:05:25.560> zombie<00:05:25.960> viruses 00:05:26.469 --> 00:05:26.479 align:start position:0% on why do we call them zombie viruses 00:05:26.479 --> 00:05:29.189 align:start position:0% on why do we call them zombie viruses well<00:05:26.639> we<00:05:26.720> know<00:05:26.919> zombies<00:05:27.360> are<00:05:27.919> dead<00:05:28.919> and<00:05:29.120> this 00:05:29.189 --> 00:05:29.199 align:start position:0% well we know zombies are dead and this 00:05:29.199 --> 00:05:31.710 align:start position:0% well we know zombies are dead and this is<00:05:29.360> no<00:05:29.800> exception<00:05:30.319> the<00:05:30.520> zombie<00:05:30.919> virus<00:05:31.360> when<00:05:31.560> it 00:05:31.710 --> 00:05:31.720 align:start position:0% is no exception the zombie virus when it 00:05:31.720 --> 00:05:34.270 align:start position:0% is no exception the zombie virus when it encounters<00:05:32.160> a<00:05:32.319> cell<00:05:33.120> can<00:05:33.319> release<00:05:33.800> its<00:05:34.000> fake 00:05:34.270 --> 00:05:34.280 align:start position:0% encounters a cell can release its fake 00:05:34.280 --> 00:05:36.909 align:start position:0% encounters a cell can release its fake news<00:05:34.560> genome<00:05:34.960> into<00:05:35.160> the<00:05:35.319> cell<00:05:36.240> but<00:05:36.479> because<00:05:36.800> it 00:05:36.909 --> 00:05:36.919 align:start position:0% news genome into the cell but because it 00:05:36.919 --> 00:05:38.909 align:start position:0% news genome into the cell but because it is<00:05:37.160> lacking<00:05:37.600> essential<00:05:38.160> information<00:05:38.600> for 00:05:38.909 --> 00:05:38.919 align:start position:0% is lacking essential information for 00:05:38.919 --> 00:05:41.830 align:start position:0% is lacking essential information for growth<00:05:39.720> it<00:05:40.160> fails<00:05:40.600> to<00:05:40.800> turn<00:05:41.080> the<00:05:41.199> cell<00:05:41.479> into<00:05:41.720> a 00:05:41.830 --> 00:05:41.840 align:start position:0% growth it fails to turn the cell into a 00:05:41.840 --> 00:05:44.909 align:start position:0% growth it fails to turn the cell into a virus<00:05:42.280> Factory<00:05:43.280> in<00:05:43.479> generally<00:05:44.440> in<00:05:44.600> general 00:05:44.909 --> 00:05:44.919 align:start position:0% virus Factory in generally in general 00:05:44.919 --> 00:05:47.590 align:start position:0% virus Factory in generally in general the<00:05:45.080> cell<00:05:45.360> will<00:05:45.600> not<00:05:45.960> die<00:05:46.960> and<00:05:47.199> this<00:05:47.360> is<00:05:47.479> the 00:05:47.590 --> 00:05:47.600 align:start position:0% the cell will not die and this is the 00:05:47.600 --> 00:05:50.309 align:start position:0% the cell will not die and this is the end<00:05:47.800> of<00:05:47.919> the<00:05:48.039> line<00:05:48.360> for<00:05:48.600> this<00:05:48.759> zombie<00:05:49.319> virus 00:05:50.309 --> 00:05:50.319 align:start position:0% end of the line for this zombie virus 00:05:50.319 --> 00:05:52.629 align:start position:0% end of the line for this zombie virus but<00:05:50.520> I've<00:05:50.680> chosen<00:05:51.039> the<00:05:51.160> term<00:05:51.520> zombie<00:05:51.960> virus 00:05:52.629 --> 00:05:52.639 align:start position:0% but I've chosen the term zombie virus 00:05:52.639 --> 00:05:54.430 align:start position:0% but I've chosen the term zombie virus which<00:05:52.759> you<00:05:52.880> will<00:05:53.080> not<00:05:53.240> find<00:05:53.520> in<00:05:53.680> the<00:05:53.960> broader 00:05:54.430 --> 00:05:54.440 align:start position:0% which you will not find in the broader 00:05:54.440 --> 00:05:56.629 align:start position:0% which you will not find in the broader literature<00:05:55.440> other<00:05:55.680> than<00:05:55.840> a<00:05:56.039> Scientific 00:05:56.629 --> 00:05:56.639 align:start position:0% literature other than a Scientific 00:05:56.639 --> 00:06:00.029 align:start position:0% literature other than a Scientific American<00:05:57.600> perspective<00:05:58.479> article<00:05:59.479> uh<00:05:59.800> that<00:05:59.919> I 00:06:00.029 --> 00:06:00.039 align:start position:0% American perspective article uh that I 00:06:00.039 --> 00:06:03.390 align:start position:0% American perspective article uh that I wrote<00:06:00.319> a<00:06:00.680> couple<00:06:00.919> of<00:06:01.039> years<00:06:01.400> ago<00:06:02.400> uh<00:06:02.960> zombies 00:06:03.390 --> 00:06:03.400 align:start position:0% wrote a couple of years ago uh zombies 00:06:03.400 --> 00:06:05.390 align:start position:0% wrote a couple of years ago uh zombies we<00:06:03.600> know<00:06:03.759> can<00:06:03.919> spring<00:06:04.199> to<00:06:04.440> life<00:06:04.919> and<00:06:05.160> this 00:06:05.390 --> 00:06:05.400 align:start position:0% we know can spring to life and this 00:06:05.400 --> 00:06:07.749 align:start position:0% we know can spring to life and this zombie<00:06:05.840> virus<00:06:06.240> can<00:06:06.440> spring<00:06:06.759> to<00:06:06.960> life<00:06:07.319> under 00:06:07.749 --> 00:06:07.759 align:start position:0% zombie virus can spring to life under 00:06:07.759 --> 00:06:10.510 align:start position:0% zombie virus can spring to life under special<00:06:08.880> conditions<00:06:09.880> and<00:06:10.039> that's<00:06:10.199> in<00:06:10.360> the 00:06:10.510 --> 00:06:10.520 align:start position:0% special conditions and that's in the 00:06:10.520 --> 00:06:12.749 align:start position:0% special conditions and that's in the case<00:06:10.759> that<00:06:10.919> the<00:06:11.039> zombie<00:06:11.479> virus<00:06:11.919> encounters<00:06:12.560> a 00:06:12.749 --> 00:06:12.759 align:start position:0% case that the zombie virus encounters a 00:06:12.759 --> 00:06:17.150 align:start position:0% case that the zombie virus encounters a cell<00:06:13.199> that<00:06:13.319> is<00:06:13.880> infected<00:06:14.880> by<00:06:15.160> a<00:06:15.599> intact<00:06:16.160> virus 00:06:17.150 --> 00:06:17.160 align:start position:0% cell that is infected by a intact virus 00:06:17.160 --> 00:06:19.070 align:start position:0% cell that is infected by a intact virus so<00:06:17.400> the<00:06:17.520> intact<00:06:17.919> virus<00:06:18.240> goes<00:06:18.520> about<00:06:18.880> its 00:06:19.070 --> 00:06:19.080 align:start position:0% so the intact virus goes about its 00:06:19.080 --> 00:06:21.230 align:start position:0% so the intact virus goes about its normal<00:06:19.680> process<00:06:20.080> of<00:06:20.280> introducing<00:06:20.880> the<00:06:21.039> bad 00:06:21.230 --> 00:06:21.240 align:start position:0% normal process of introducing the bad 00:06:21.240 --> 00:06:24.469 align:start position:0% normal process of introducing the bad news<00:06:22.199> amplifying<00:06:22.759> the<00:06:22.960> bad<00:06:23.160> news<00:06:23.680> making<00:06:24.080> the 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news<00:06:30.919> can<00:06:31.240> divert<00:06:32.039> the<00:06:32.240> resources 00:06:32.870 --> 00:06:32.880 align:start position:0% the fake news can divert the resources 00:06:32.880 --> 00:06:35.710 align:start position:0% the fake news can divert the resources of<00:06:33.039> the<00:06:33.160> normal<00:06:33.639> Virus<00:06:34.080> Infection<00:06:35.039> toward<00:06:35.400> its 00:06:35.710 --> 00:06:35.720 align:start position:0% of the normal Virus Infection toward its 00:06:35.720 --> 00:06:38.309 align:start position:0% of the normal Virus Infection toward its own<00:06:36.360> amplification<00:06:37.360> and<00:06:37.560> the<00:06:37.680> fake<00:06:37.919> news<00:06:38.160> can 00:06:38.309 --> 00:06:38.319 align:start position:0% own amplification and the fake news can 00:06:38.319 --> 00:06:39.189 align:start position:0% own amplification and the fake news can get 00:06:39.189 --> 00:06:39.199 align:start position:0% get 00:06:39.199 --> 00:06:42.589 align:start position:0% get Amplified<00:06:40.199> likewise<00:06:40.880> if<00:06:41.039> the<00:06:41.160> fake<00:06:41.599> news 00:06:42.589 --> 00:06:42.599 align:start position:0% Amplified likewise if the fake news 00:06:42.599 --> 00:06:45.150 align:start position:0% Amplified likewise if the fake news retains<00:06:43.120> the<00:06:43.319> signals<00:06:43.800> that<00:06:44.000> say<00:06:44.400> Hey<00:06:44.720> package 00:06:45.150 --> 00:06:45.160 align:start position:0% retains the signals that say Hey package 00:06:45.160 --> 00:06:47.909 align:start position:0% retains the signals that say Hey package me<00:06:46.039> then<00:06:46.160> the<00:06:46.280> fake<00:06:46.520> news<00:06:46.800> can<00:06:46.919> be<00:06:47.199> packaged 00:06:47.909 --> 00:06:47.919 align:start position:0% me then the fake news can be packaged 00:06:47.919 --> 00:06:50.909 align:start position:0% me then the fake news can be packaged into<00:06:48.440> zombie<00:06:48.840> virus<00:06:49.440> particles<00:06:50.440> so<00:06:50.680> what 00:06:50.909 --> 00:06:50.919 align:start position:0% into zombie virus particles so what 00:06:50.919 --> 00:06:53.909 align:start position:0% into zombie virus particles so what happens<00:06:51.360> is<00:06:51.840> one<00:06:52.120> can<00:06:52.440> get<00:06:52.960> zombie<00:06:53.440> virus 00:06:53.909 --> 00:06:53.919 align:start position:0% happens is one can get zombie virus 00:06:53.919 --> 00:06:56.430 align:start position:0% happens is one can get zombie virus reproducing<00:06:54.800> at<00:06:54.960> the<00:06:55.160> expense<00:06:55.720> of<00:06:55.960> normal 00:06:56.430 --> 00:06:56.440 align:start position:0% reproducing at the expense of normal 00:06:56.440 --> 00:06:58.990 align:start position:0% reproducing at the expense of normal virus<00:06:57.440> and<00:06:57.680> again<00:06:58.000> this<00:06:58.120> has<00:06:58.280> been<00:06:58.440> known<00:06:58.759> for 00:06:58.990 --> 00:06:59.000 align:start position:0% virus and again this has been known for 00:06:59.000 --> 00:07:01.790 align:start position:0% virus and again this has been known for many<00:06:59.240> virus<00:06:59.720> uses<00:07:00.360> for<00:07:00.680> many 00:07:01.790 --> 00:07:01.800 align:start position:0% many virus uses for many 00:07:01.800 --> 00:07:04.350 align:start position:0% many virus uses for many years<00:07:02.800> if<00:07:02.919> you<00:07:03.080> look<00:07:03.199> at<00:07:03.400> this<00:07:03.599> figure<00:07:04.120> and<00:07:04.199> you 00:07:04.350 --> 00:07:04.360 align:start position:0% years if you look at this figure and you 00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:06.390 align:start position:0% years if you look at this figure and you forget<00:07:04.680> about<00:07:04.919> the<00:07:05.039> zombie<00:07:05.479> viruses<00:07:05.960> and<00:07:06.160> just 00:07:06.390 --> 00:07:06.400 align:start position:0% forget about the zombie viruses and just 00:07:06.400 --> 00:07:08.830 align:start position:0% forget about the zombie viruses and just look<00:07:06.560> at<00:07:06.720> the<00:07:06.840> intact<00:07:07.319> virus<00:07:08.160> you'll<00:07:08.400> notice 00:07:08.830 --> 00:07:08.840 align:start position:0% look at the intact virus you'll notice 00:07:08.840 --> 00:07:11.070 align:start position:0% look at the intact virus you'll notice that<00:07:09.160> one<00:07:09.440> virus<00:07:09.759> goes<00:07:10.080> in<00:07:10.440> and<00:07:10.639> maybe<00:07:10.879> a 00:07:11.070 --> 00:07:11.080 align:start position:0% that one virus goes in and maybe a 00:07:11.080 --> 00:07:14.230 align:start position:0% that one virus goes in and maybe a smaller<00:07:11.560> number<00:07:11.960> of<00:07:12.319> viruses<00:07:13.319> intact<00:07:13.840> viruses 00:07:14.230 --> 00:07:14.240 align:start position:0% smaller number of viruses intact viruses 00:07:14.240 --> 00:07:16.909 align:start position:0% smaller number of viruses intact viruses are<00:07:14.639> produced<00:07:15.639> which<00:07:15.759> is<00:07:16.000> exactly<00:07:16.520> the<00:07:16.680> sort 00:07:16.909 --> 00:07:16.919 align:start position:0% are produced which is exactly the sort 00:07:16.919 --> 00:07:19.990 align:start position:0% are produced which is exactly the sort of<00:07:17.599> um<00:07:18.160> Behavior<00:07:18.800> we<00:07:18.919> would<00:07:19.080> like<00:07:19.240> to<00:07:19.440> have<00:07:19.639> for 00:07:19.990 --> 00:07:20.000 align:start position:0% of um Behavior we would like to have for 00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:23.110 align:start position:0% of um Behavior we would like to have for antiviral<00:07:21.240> strategies<00:07:22.240> Therapeutics<00:07:22.919> that 00:07:23.110 --> 00:07:23.120 align:start position:0% antiviral strategies Therapeutics that 00:07:23.120 --> 00:07:26.629 align:start position:0% antiviral strategies Therapeutics that reduce<00:07:23.680> or<00:07:23.919> inhibit<00:07:24.400> normal<00:07:24.840> virus<00:07:25.360> growth<00:07:26.360> so 00:07:26.629 --> 00:07:26.639 align:start position:0% reduce or inhibit normal virus growth so 00:07:26.639 --> 00:07:29.830 align:start position:0% reduce or inhibit normal virus growth so this<00:07:26.800> is<00:07:27.360> uh<00:07:27.639> this<00:07:28.120> idea<00:07:28.680> has<00:07:28.919> inspired<00:07:29.639> many 00:07:29.830 --> 00:07:29.840 align:start position:0% this is uh this idea has inspired many 00:07:29.840 --> 00:07:33.070 align:start position:0% this is uh this idea has inspired many people<00:07:30.120> to<00:07:30.560> to<00:07:30.840> ask<00:07:31.440> could<00:07:31.680> we<00:07:32.120> create<00:07:32.639> zombie 00:07:33.070 --> 00:07:33.080 align:start position:0% people to to ask could we create zombie 00:07:33.080 --> 00:07:35.749 align:start position:0% people to to ask could we create zombie viruses<00:07:33.560> that<00:07:33.720> are<00:07:34.400> therapeutic<00:07:35.400> and<00:07:35.639> a 00:07:35.749 --> 00:07:35.759 align:start position:0% viruses that are therapeutic and a 00:07:35.759 --> 00:07:39.070 align:start position:0% viruses that are therapeutic and a number<00:07:36.080> of<00:07:36.639> groups<00:07:37.039> have<00:07:37.319> done<00:07:37.759> that<00:07:38.759> uh<00:07:38.919> these 00:07:39.070 --> 00:07:39.080 align:start position:0% number of groups have done that uh these 00:07:39.080 --> 00:07:41.189 align:start position:0% number of groups have done that uh these are<00:07:39.280> not<00:07:39.520> my<00:07:39.680> own<00:07:39.879> group<00:07:40.160> but<00:07:40.319> zombie<00:07:40.680> viruses 00:07:41.189 --> 00:07:41.199 align:start position:0% are not my own group but zombie viruses 00:07:41.199 --> 00:07:45.189 align:start position:0% are not my own group but zombie viruses have<00:07:41.560> been<00:07:41.960> inspired<00:07:42.960> the<00:07:43.759> um<00:07:44.039> engineering<00:07:45.000> of 00:07:45.189 --> 00:07:45.199 align:start position:0% have been inspired the um engineering of 00:07:45.199 --> 00:07:48.189 align:start position:0% have been inspired the um engineering of soall<00:07:45.919> therapeutic<00:07:46.680> interfering<00:07:47.400> particles 00:07:48.189 --> 00:07:48.199 align:start position:0% soall therapeutic interfering particles 00:07:48.199 --> 00:07:51.830 align:start position:0% soall therapeutic interfering particles so<00:07:49.199> virus-like<00:07:49.960> particles<00:07:50.919> that<00:07:51.080> can<00:07:51.280> diverse 00:07:51.830 --> 00:07:51.840 align:start position:0% so virus-like particles that can diverse 00:07:51.840 --> 00:07:53.909 align:start position:0% so virus-like particles that can diverse resources<00:07:52.400> from<00:07:52.599> the<00:07:52.800> virus<00:07:53.520> toward<00:07:53.800> their 00:07:53.909 --> 00:07:53.919 align:start position:0% resources from the virus toward their 00:07:53.919 --> 00:07:56.550 align:start position:0% resources from the virus toward their own<00:07:54.599> replication<00:07:55.599> uh<00:07:55.720> those<00:07:55.879> are<00:07:56.039> a<00:07:56.159> couple<00:07:56.400> of 00:07:56.550 --> 00:07:56.560 align:start position:0% own replication uh those are a couple of 00:07:56.560 --> 00:07:58.830 align:start position:0% own replication uh those are a couple of prominent<00:07:57.000> papers<00:07:57.479> from<00:07:58.080> a<00:07:58.199> couple<00:07:58.440> of<00:07:58.599> years 00:07:58.830 --> 00:07:58.840 align:start position:0% prominent papers from a couple of years 00:07:58.840 --> 00:08:00.670 align:start position:0% prominent papers from a couple of years ago 00:08:00.670 --> 00:08:00.680 align:start position:0% ago 00:08:00.680 --> 00:08:03.510 align:start position:0% ago so<00:08:01.680> um<00:08:02.039> I'd<00:08:02.199> like<00:08:02.319> to<00:08:02.759> I'll<00:08:03.080> return<00:08:03.240> to<00:08:03.360> the 00:08:03.510 --> 00:08:03.520 align:start position:0% so um I'd like to I'll return to the 00:08:03.520 --> 00:08:06.710 align:start position:0% so um I'd like to I'll return to the zombie<00:08:03.840> viruses<00:08:04.360> but<00:08:04.479> I<00:08:04.599> want<00:08:04.800> to<00:08:05.440> um<00:08:06.240> show<00:08:06.479> a 00:08:06.710 --> 00:08:06.720 align:start position:0% zombie viruses but I want to um show a 00:08:06.720 --> 00:08:09.749 align:start position:0% zombie viruses but I want to um show a special<00:08:07.400> uh<00:08:07.720> case<00:08:08.319> where<00:08:09.199> uh<00:08:09.319> people<00:08:09.520> were 00:08:09.749 --> 00:08:09.759 align:start position:0% special uh case where uh people were 00:08:09.759 --> 00:08:13.550 align:start position:0% special uh case where uh people were looking<00:08:10.000> at<00:08:10.159> SARS<00:08:10.639> K2<00:08:11.400> evolution<00:08:12.039> in<00:08:12.560> Germany 00:08:13.550 --> 00:08:13.560 align:start position:0% looking at SARS K2 evolution in Germany 00:08:13.560 --> 00:08:15.790 align:start position:0% looking at SARS K2 evolution in Germany and<00:08:13.800> what<00:08:13.919> I<00:08:14.039> show<00:08:14.400> here<00:08:14.720> is<00:08:14.840> a<00:08:15.000> single<00:08:15.360> patient 00:08:15.790 --> 00:08:15.800 align:start position:0% and what I show here is a single patient 00:08:15.800 --> 00:08:17.830 align:start position:0% and what I show here is a single patient at<00:08:15.919> the<00:08:16.440> center<00:08:16.800> of<00:08:16.960> here<00:08:17.199> I'm<00:08:17.319> not<00:08:17.440> sure<00:08:17.720> are 00:08:17.830 --> 00:08:17.840 align:start position:0% at the center of here I'm not sure are 00:08:17.840 --> 00:08:21.029 align:start position:0% at the center of here I'm not sure are you<00:08:18.039> able<00:08:18.199> to<00:08:18.319> see<00:08:18.520> my<00:08:18.720> pointer<00:08:19.159> or<00:08:19.639> not<00:08:20.639> yes 00:08:21.029 --> 00:08:21.039 align:start position:0% you able to see my pointer or not yes 00:08:21.039 --> 00:08:23.070 align:start position:0% you able to see my pointer or not yes okay<00:08:21.479> so<00:08:21.680> here's<00:08:21.960> one<00:08:22.240> patient<00:08:22.599> who<00:08:22.759> was<00:08:22.919> in 00:08:23.070 --> 00:08:23.080 align:start position:0% okay so here's one patient who was in 00:08:23.080 --> 00:08:25.390 align:start position:0% okay so here's one patient who was in Friberg<00:08:23.639> Germany<00:08:24.199> who<00:08:24.520> was<00:08:24.800> infected<00:08:25.240> with 00:08:25.390 --> 00:08:25.400 align:start position:0% Friberg Germany who was infected with 00:08:25.400 --> 00:08:28.710 align:start position:0% Friberg Germany who was infected with SARS<00:08:25.759> K2<00:08:26.720> we<00:08:26.879> had<00:08:27.000> a<00:08:27.120> swab<00:08:27.520> sample<00:08:28.479> this<00:08:28.560> is 00:08:28.710 --> 00:08:28.720 align:start position:0% SARS K2 we had a swab sample this is 00:08:28.720 --> 00:08:30.830 align:start position:0% SARS K2 we had a swab sample this is from<00:08:28.919> the<00:08:29.080> paper<00:08:29.680> that<00:08:29.879> published<00:08:30.560> uh<00:08:30.680> this 00:08:30.830 --> 00:08:30.840 align:start position:0% from the paper that published uh this 00:08:30.840 --> 00:08:33.389 align:start position:0% from the paper that published uh this work<00:08:31.360> they<00:08:31.520> swabbed<00:08:32.000> the<00:08:32.399> the<00:08:32.839> person<00:08:33.200> and 00:08:33.389 --> 00:08:33.399 align:start position:0% work they swabbed the the person and 00:08:33.399 --> 00:08:36.110 align:start position:0% work they swabbed the the person and they<00:08:33.719> got<00:08:33.919> the<00:08:34.440> genetic<00:08:34.880> sequence<00:08:35.839> and<00:08:35.959> then 00:08:36.110 --> 00:08:36.120 align:start position:0% they got the genetic sequence and then 00:08:36.120 --> 00:08:38.149 align:start position:0% they got the genetic sequence and then they<00:08:36.279> also<00:08:36.599> tracked<00:08:37.039> other<00:08:37.279> people<00:08:37.599> who<00:08:37.719> were 00:08:38.149 --> 00:08:38.159 align:start position:0% they also tracked other people who were 00:08:38.159 --> 00:08:40.110 align:start position:0% they also tracked other people who were infected<00:08:38.519> in<00:08:38.680> fryberg<00:08:39.279> and<00:08:39.479> each<00:08:39.880> one<00:08:40.000> of 00:08:40.110 --> 00:08:40.120 align:start position:0% infected in fryberg and each one of 00:08:40.120 --> 00:08:41.870 align:start position:0% infected in fryberg and each one of these<00:08:40.279> other<00:08:40.479> dots<00:08:40.880> represents<00:08:41.479> another 00:08:41.870 --> 00:08:41.880 align:start position:0% these other dots represents another 00:08:41.880 --> 00:08:45.190 align:start position:0% these other dots represents another person<00:08:42.120> in<00:08:42.399> fryberg<00:08:43.399> who<00:08:43.599> was<00:08:44.320> uh<00:08:44.560> infected<00:08:45.080> by 00:08:45.190 --> 00:08:45.200 align:start position:0% person in fryberg who was uh infected by 00:08:45.200 --> 00:08:48.110 align:start position:0% person in fryberg who was uh infected by a<00:08:45.320> virus<00:08:45.800> related<00:08:46.279> to<00:08:46.480> the<00:08:46.640> initial<00:08:47.040> one<00:08:47.839> and 00:08:48.110 --> 00:08:48.120 align:start position:0% a virus related to the initial one and 00:08:48.120 --> 00:08:50.509 align:start position:0% a virus related to the initial one and based<00:08:48.560> on<00:08:48.959> their<00:08:49.200> swab<00:08:49.680> samples<00:08:50.240> and<00:08:50.399> the 00:08:50.509 --> 00:08:50.519 align:start position:0% based on their swab samples and the 00:08:50.519 --> 00:08:54.470 align:start position:0% based on their swab samples and the sequence<00:08:51.160> analyses<00:08:52.160> one<00:08:52.360> can<00:08:52.600> create<00:08:53.120> this<00:08:53.720> uh 00:08:54.470 --> 00:08:54.480 align:start position:0% sequence analyses one can create this uh 00:08:54.480 --> 00:08:57.230 align:start position:0% sequence analyses one can create this uh this<00:08:54.760> trajectory<00:08:55.399> of<00:08:55.640> evolution<00:08:56.480> so<00:08:56.839> each<00:08:57.000> of 00:08:57.230 --> 00:08:57.240 align:start position:0% this trajectory of evolution so each of 00:08:57.240 --> 00:09:00.230 align:start position:0% this trajectory of evolution so each of these<00:08:57.600> individual<00:08:58.120> dots<00:08:58.440> are<00:08:59.519> swab<00:08:59.880> sample 00:09:00.230 --> 00:09:00.240 align:start position:0% these individual dots are swab sample 00:09:00.240 --> 00:09:03.310 align:start position:0% these individual dots are swab sample sequences<00:09:01.040> that<00:09:01.200> are<00:09:01.959> showing<00:09:02.519> the<00:09:02.800> further 00:09:03.310 --> 00:09:03.320 align:start position:0% sequences that are showing the further 00:09:03.320 --> 00:09:05.470 align:start position:0% sequences that are showing the further are<00:09:04.040> the<00:09:04.160> further<00:09:04.680> away<00:09:04.959> you<00:09:05.079> go<00:09:05.240> from<00:09:05.360> the 00:09:05.470 --> 00:09:05.480 align:start position:0% are the further away you go from the 00:09:05.480 --> 00:09:09.269 align:start position:0% are the further away you go from the center<00:09:06.279> the<00:09:06.440> more<00:09:07.120> evolutionary<00:09:08.279> diversity 00:09:09.269 --> 00:09:09.279 align:start position:0% center the more evolutionary diversity 00:09:09.279 --> 00:09:11.870 align:start position:0% center the more evolutionary diversity um<00:09:09.760> genetic<00:09:10.320> diversity<00:09:10.839> you<00:09:11.040> have<00:09:11.200> on<00:09:11.399> these 00:09:11.870 --> 00:09:11.880 align:start position:0% um genetic diversity you have on these 00:09:11.880 --> 00:09:14.350 align:start position:0% um genetic diversity you have on these uh<00:09:12.079> viruses<00:09:12.959> so<00:09:13.200> this<00:09:13.279> is<00:09:13.440> showing<00:09:13.839> evolution 00:09:14.350 --> 00:09:14.360 align:start position:0% uh viruses so this is showing evolution 00:09:14.360 --> 00:09:17.150 align:start position:0% uh viruses so this is showing evolution of<00:09:14.480> the<00:09:14.680> virus<00:09:15.399> in<00:09:15.519> fryberg<00:09:16.040> Germany<00:09:17.040> uh 00:09:17.150 --> 00:09:17.160 align:start position:0% of the virus in fryberg Germany uh 00:09:17.160 --> 00:09:20.590 align:start position:0% of the virus in fryberg Germany uh during<00:09:17.519> the<00:09:17.800> early<00:09:18.200> pandemic<00:09:18.800> 2020<00:09:19.760> or<00:09:19.959> so 00:09:20.590 --> 00:09:20.600 align:start position:0% during the early pandemic 2020 or so 00:09:20.600 --> 00:09:22.389 align:start position:0% during the early pandemic 2020 or so each<00:09:20.800> one<00:09:20.920> of<00:09:21.079> these<00:09:21.200> dots<00:09:21.519> is<00:09:21.640> a<00:09:21.800> single 00:09:22.389 --> 00:09:22.399 align:start position:0% each one of these dots is a single 00:09:22.399 --> 00:09:25.910 align:start position:0% each one of these dots is a single patient<00:09:23.120> single<00:09:23.480> swab<00:09:24.399> sample<00:09:25.399> what<00:09:25.560> I<00:09:25.720> now 00:09:25.910 --> 00:09:25.920 align:start position:0% patient single swab sample what I now 00:09:25.920 --> 00:09:28.910 align:start position:0% patient single swab sample what I now show<00:09:26.279> is<00:09:27.000> an<00:09:27.200> additional<00:09:27.680> Evolution<00:09:28.519> beyond 00:09:28.910 --> 00:09:28.920 align:start position:0% show is an additional Evolution beyond 00:09:28.920 --> 00:09:30.829 align:start position:0% show is an additional Evolution beyond that<00:09:29.120> IND<00:09:29.360> individual<00:09:30.240> where<00:09:30.440> there<00:09:30.560> are 00:09:30.829 --> 00:09:30.839 align:start position:0% that IND individual where there are 00:09:30.839 --> 00:09:32.710 align:start position:0% that IND individual where there are additional<00:09:31.240> swab<00:09:31.640> samples<00:09:32.000> were<00:09:32.279> taken<00:09:32.600> and 00:09:32.710 --> 00:09:32.720 align:start position:0% additional swab samples were taken and 00:09:32.720 --> 00:09:35.470 align:start position:0% additional swab samples were taken and in<00:09:32.880> the<00:09:33.079> red<00:09:33.360> box<00:09:33.680> there<00:09:33.800> are<00:09:34.000> more<00:09:34.920> uh 00:09:35.470 --> 00:09:35.480 align:start position:0% in the red box there are more uh 00:09:35.480 --> 00:09:38.269 align:start position:0% in the red box there are more uh radiating<00:09:36.120> outward<00:09:36.600> so<00:09:36.800> greater<00:09:37.279> Evolution 00:09:38.269 --> 00:09:38.279 align:start position:0% radiating outward so greater Evolution 00:09:38.279 --> 00:09:40.230 align:start position:0% radiating outward so greater Evolution but<00:09:38.480> what's<00:09:38.680> unusual<00:09:39.200> about<00:09:39.600> this<00:09:39.839> is<00:09:40.079> this 00:09:40.230 --> 00:09:40.240 align:start position:0% but what's unusual about this is this 00:09:40.240 --> 00:09:42.389 align:start position:0% but what's unusual about this is this was<00:09:40.560> from<00:09:40.800> from<00:09:40.959> a<00:09:41.120> single<00:09:41.519> person<00:09:42.040> and<00:09:42.200> that 00:09:42.389 --> 00:09:42.399 align:start position:0% was from from a single person and that 00:09:42.399 --> 00:09:43.910 align:start position:0% was from from a single person and that person<00:09:42.720> was 00:09:43.910 --> 00:09:43.920 align:start position:0% person was 00:09:43.920 --> 00:09:45.870 align:start position:0% person was immunocompromised<00:09:44.920> if<00:09:45.000> you're<00:09:45.200> getting<00:09:45.480> your 00:09:45.870 --> 00:09:45.880 align:start position:0% immunocompromised if you're getting your 00:09:45.880 --> 00:09:47.710 align:start position:0% immunocompromised if you're getting your organ<00:09:46.200> transplant<00:09:46.800> you'll<00:09:47.000> get<00:09:47.200> drugs<00:09:47.519> to 00:09:47.710 --> 00:09:47.720 align:start position:0% organ transplant you'll get drugs to 00:09:47.720 --> 00:09:51.389 align:start position:0% organ transplant you'll get drugs to treat<00:09:48.040> your<00:09:48.720> um<00:09:49.120> to<00:09:49.440> downregulate<00:09:50.440> or<00:09:50.880> inhibit 00:09:51.389 --> 00:09:51.399 align:start position:0% treat your um to downregulate or inhibit 00:09:51.399 --> 00:09:53.350 align:start position:0% treat your um to downregulate or inhibit your<00:09:51.600> immune<00:09:52.000> response<00:09:52.440> so<00:09:52.600> you<00:09:52.680> don't<00:09:52.959> reject 00:09:53.350 --> 00:09:53.360 align:start position:0% your immune response so you don't reject 00:09:53.360 --> 00:09:56.949 align:start position:0% your immune response so you don't reject the<00:09:53.480> organ<00:09:54.440> or<00:09:54.600> if<00:09:54.720> you're<00:09:54.920> HIV<00:09:55.680> positive<00:09:56.680> then 00:09:56.949 --> 00:09:56.959 align:start position:0% the organ or if you're HIV positive then 00:09:56.959 --> 00:10:00.310 align:start position:0% the organ or if you're HIV positive then you're<00:09:57.760> uh<00:09:58.320> the<00:09:58.880> the<00:09:59.560> tea<00:09:59.760> cells<00:10:00.079> that<00:10:00.200> we 00:10:00.310 --> 00:10:00.320 align:start position:0% you're uh the the tea cells that we 00:10:00.320 --> 00:10:02.190 align:start position:0% you're uh the the tea cells that we heard<00:10:00.560> in<00:10:00.680> the<00:10:00.800> first<00:10:01.079> talk<00:10:01.440> are<00:10:01.680> going<00:10:01.880> to<00:10:02.000> be 00:10:02.190 --> 00:10:02.200 align:start position:0% heard in the first talk are going to be 00:10:02.200 --> 00:10:04.190 align:start position:0% heard in the first talk are going to be compromised<00:10:02.839> and<00:10:03.000> they<00:10:03.120> will<00:10:03.279> be<00:10:03.560> less<00:10:03.920> able 00:10:04.190 --> 00:10:04.200 align:start position:0% compromised and they will be less able 00:10:04.200 --> 00:10:07.430 align:start position:0% compromised and they will be less able to<00:10:04.399> fight<00:10:04.880> the<00:10:05.320> infection<00:10:05.920> that<00:10:06.079> you<00:10:06.279> have<00:10:07.160> and 00:10:07.430 --> 00:10:07.440 align:start position:0% to fight the infection that you have and 00:10:07.440 --> 00:10:09.710 align:start position:0% to fight the infection that you have and you<00:10:07.600> might<00:10:07.800> be<00:10:08.040> actually<00:10:08.360> sick<00:10:08.760> for<00:10:09.360> several 00:10:09.710 --> 00:10:09.720 align:start position:0% you might be actually sick for several 00:10:09.720 --> 00:10:13.110 align:start position:0% you might be actually sick for several months<00:10:10.079> or<00:10:10.240> even<00:10:10.440> over<00:10:10.680> a<00:10:10.880> year<00:10:11.839> with<00:10:12.120> your<00:10:12.800> uh 00:10:13.110 --> 00:10:13.120 align:start position:0% months or even over a year with your uh 00:10:13.120 --> 00:10:16.150 align:start position:0% months or even over a year with your uh virus<00:10:13.640> infection<00:10:14.640> so<00:10:15.079> this<00:10:15.440> individual<00:10:15.920> was 00:10:16.150 --> 00:10:16.160 align:start position:0% virus infection so this individual was 00:10:16.160 --> 00:10:21.310 align:start position:0% virus infection so this individual was sick<00:10:16.480> for<00:10:17.040> 120<00:10:18.040> 140<00:10:18.480> days<00:10:19.480> and<00:10:20.120> uh<00:10:20.760> then<00:10:20.920> swab 00:10:21.310 --> 00:10:21.320 align:start position:0% sick for 120 140 days and uh then swab 00:10:21.320 --> 00:10:23.630 align:start position:0% sick for 120 140 days and uh then swab samples<00:10:21.760> from<00:10:22.000> this<00:10:22.200> single<00:10:22.640> individual 00:10:23.630 --> 00:10:23.640 align:start position:0% samples from this single individual 00:10:23.640 --> 00:10:25.990 align:start position:0% samples from this single individual indicated<00:10:24.160> that<00:10:24.320> the<00:10:24.480> virus<00:10:24.839> was<00:10:25.079> evolving 00:10:25.990 --> 00:10:26.000 align:start position:0% indicated that the virus was evolving 00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:27.430 align:start position:0% indicated that the virus was evolving it's<00:10:26.279> hypothesized<00:10:27.000> that<00:10:27.160> such 00:10:27.430 --> 00:10:27.440 align:start position:0% it's hypothesized that such 00:10:27.440 --> 00:10:30.190 align:start position:0% it's hypothesized that such immunosuppressed<00:10:28.399> individuals<00:10:29.320> are<00:10:29.560> sources 00:10:30.190 --> 00:10:30.200 align:start position:0% immunosuppressed individuals are sources 00:10:30.200 --> 00:10:33.829 align:start position:0% immunosuppressed individuals are sources for<00:10:30.600> the<00:10:31.120> uh<00:10:31.320> genetic<00:10:31.760> diversity<00:10:32.760> that<00:10:32.959> we<00:10:33.120> see 00:10:33.829 --> 00:10:33.839 align:start position:0% for the uh genetic diversity that we see 00:10:33.839 --> 00:10:38.030 align:start position:0% for the uh genetic diversity that we see uh<00:10:34.079> as<00:10:34.839> the<00:10:35.399> um<00:10:35.800> Corona<00:10:36.279> virus<00:10:36.839> evolves<00:10:37.839> so 00:10:38.030 --> 00:10:38.040 align:start position:0% uh as the um Corona virus evolves so 00:10:38.040 --> 00:10:40.150 align:start position:0% uh as the um Corona virus evolves so when<00:10:38.200> we<00:10:38.320> saw<00:10:38.680> this<00:10:39.120> we've<00:10:39.399> spent<00:10:39.639> a<00:10:39.760> number<00:10:39.959> of 00:10:40.150 --> 00:10:40.160 align:start position:0% when we saw this we've spent a number of 00:10:40.160 --> 00:10:42.990 align:start position:0% when we saw this we've spent a number of years<00:10:40.600> looking<00:10:40.920> at<00:10:41.680> um<00:10:42.200> defective<00:10:42.720> virus 00:10:42.990 --> 00:10:43.000 align:start position:0% years looking at um defective virus 00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:45.750 align:start position:0% years looking at um defective virus genomes<00:10:43.480> and<00:10:43.639> we<00:10:43.959> wondered<00:10:44.839> whether<00:10:45.000> or<00:10:45.160> not 00:10:45.750 --> 00:10:45.760 align:start position:0% genomes and we wondered whether or not 00:10:45.760 --> 00:10:48.350 align:start position:0% genomes and we wondered whether or not uh<00:10:45.959> they<00:10:46.160> might<00:10:46.839> uh<00:10:47.040> actually<00:10:47.320> be<00:10:47.600> present<00:10:48.040> in 00:10:48.350 --> 00:10:48.360 align:start position:0% uh they might uh actually be present in 00:10:48.360 --> 00:10:51.590 align:start position:0% uh they might uh actually be present in covid<00:10:48.720> patients<00:10:49.120> and<00:10:49.600> particularly<00:10:50.600> in 00:10:51.590 --> 00:10:51.600 align:start position:0% covid patients and particularly in 00:10:51.600 --> 00:10:54.949 align:start position:0% covid patients and particularly in the<00:10:52.600> imuno<00:10:53.120> compromised<00:10:53.720> patients<00:10:54.480> so<00:10:54.720> this 00:10:54.949 --> 00:10:54.959 align:start position:0% the imuno compromised patients so this 00:10:54.959 --> 00:10:56.750 align:start position:0% the imuno compromised patients so this imuno<00:10:55.440> compromised<00:10:55.959> patient<00:10:56.360> this<00:10:56.440> is<00:10:56.600> from 00:10:56.750 --> 00:10:56.760 align:start position:0% imuno compromised patient this is from 00:10:56.760 --> 00:11:00.710 align:start position:0% imuno compromised patient this is from the<00:10:56.959> published<00:10:57.399> work<00:10:58.399> uh<00:10:58.560> from<00:10:58.760> days<00:10:59.320> 0<00:10:59.680> to<00:11:00.240> day 00:11:00.710 --> 00:11:00.720 align:start position:0% the published work uh from days 0 to day 00:11:00.720 --> 00:11:03.269 align:start position:0% the published work uh from days 0 to day 140<00:11:01.120> so<00:11:01.279> this<00:11:01.480> axis<00:11:01.880> is<00:11:02.120> time<00:11:02.760> going<00:11:03.079> from 00:11:03.269 --> 00:11:03.279 align:start position:0% 140 so this axis is time going from 00:11:03.279 --> 00:11:07.750 align:start position:0% 140 so this axis is time going from early<00:11:03.600> to<00:11:03.839> late<00:11:04.680> uh<00:11:05.360> 140<00:11:05.800> days<00:11:06.560> and<00:11:06.680> then<00:11:06.800> the<00:11:07.040> Y 00:11:07.750 --> 00:11:07.760 align:start position:0% early to late uh 140 days and then the Y 00:11:07.760 --> 00:11:12.269 align:start position:0% early to late uh 140 days and then the Y the<00:11:07.880> x<00:11:08.399> axis<00:11:08.839> are<00:11:09.120> various<00:11:09.680> virus<00:11:10.639> uh<00:11:11.279> variants 00:11:12.269 --> 00:11:12.279 align:start position:0% the x axis are various virus uh variants 00:11:12.279 --> 00:11:14.310 align:start position:0% the x axis are various virus uh variants and<00:11:12.600> they're<00:11:12.959> the<00:11:13.160> higher<00:11:13.680> the<00:11:13.839> level<00:11:14.200> they 00:11:14.310 --> 00:11:14.320 align:start position:0% and they're the higher the level they 00:11:14.320 --> 00:11:16.910 align:start position:0% and they're the higher the level they are<00:11:14.839> the<00:11:15.000> darker<00:11:15.519> the<00:11:15.680> color<00:11:16.399> so<00:11:16.560> there<00:11:16.680> are<00:11:16.800> a 00:11:16.910 --> 00:11:16.920 align:start position:0% are the darker the color so there are a 00:11:16.920 --> 00:11:19.230 align:start position:0% are the darker the color so there are a number<00:11:17.120> of<00:11:17.320> columns<00:11:17.800> here<00:11:18.480> uh<00:11:18.720> let's<00:11:18.880> see 00:11:19.230 --> 00:11:19.240 align:start position:0% number of columns here uh let's see 00:11:19.240 --> 00:11:22.030 align:start position:0% number of columns here uh let's see three<00:11:19.639> four<00:11:20.120> five<00:11:20.440> six<00:11:20.720> seven<00:11:20.959> eight<00:11:21.519> or<00:11:21.720> so 00:11:22.030 --> 00:11:22.040 align:start position:0% three four five six seven eight or so 00:11:22.040 --> 00:11:24.590 align:start position:0% three four five six seven eight or so columns<00:11:22.519> where<00:11:22.880> the<00:11:23.240> the<00:11:23.720> strain<00:11:24.160> that<00:11:24.320> was 00:11:24.590 --> 00:11:24.600 align:start position:0% columns where the the strain that was 00:11:24.600 --> 00:11:27.310 align:start position:0% columns where the the strain that was par<00:11:25.240> present<00:11:25.560> at<00:11:25.720> Day<00:11:26.000> Zero<00:11:26.639> persisted<00:11:27.160> all 00:11:27.310 --> 00:11:27.320 align:start position:0% par present at Day Zero persisted all 00:11:27.320 --> 00:11:29.310 align:start position:0% par present at Day Zero persisted all the<00:11:27.440> way<00:11:27.720> through<00:11:28.079> so<00:11:28.320> that<00:11:28.839> these<00:11:28.959> are<00:11:29.079> the 00:11:29.310 --> 00:11:29.320 align:start position:0% the way through so that these are the 00:11:29.320 --> 00:11:32.389 align:start position:0% the way through so that these are the vertical<00:11:30.279> columns<00:11:30.680> here<00:11:31.360> but<00:11:31.480> you<00:11:31.720> also<00:11:31.959> see 00:11:32.389 --> 00:11:32.399 align:start position:0% vertical columns here but you also see 00:11:32.399 --> 00:11:35.030 align:start position:0% vertical columns here but you also see indications<00:11:33.120> where<00:11:33.639> new<00:11:33.920> dots<00:11:34.320> appear<00:11:34.800> and 00:11:35.030 --> 00:11:35.040 align:start position:0% indications where new dots appear and 00:11:35.040 --> 00:11:38.710 align:start position:0% indications where new dots appear and disappear<00:11:35.959> or<00:11:36.279> persist<00:11:36.880> over<00:11:37.160> time<00:11:38.040> and<00:11:38.240> these 00:11:38.710 --> 00:11:38.720 align:start position:0% disappear or persist over time and these 00:11:38.720 --> 00:11:41.030 align:start position:0% disappear or persist over time and these represent<00:11:39.279> genetic<00:11:39.720> variants<00:11:40.399> of<00:11:40.519> the<00:11:40.639> SARS 00:11:41.030 --> 00:11:41.040 align:start position:0% represent genetic variants of the SARS 00:11:41.040 --> 00:11:43.870 align:start position:0% represent genetic variants of the SARS K2<00:11:41.680> virus<00:11:42.279> so<00:11:42.560> they<00:11:42.680> are<00:11:42.920> evolving<00:11:43.440> in<00:11:43.639> this 00:11:43.870 --> 00:11:43.880 align:start position:0% K2 virus so they are evolving in this 00:11:43.880 --> 00:11:46.069 align:start position:0% K2 virus so they are evolving in this particular<00:11:44.399> patient<00:11:45.399> we<00:11:45.519> went<00:11:45.720> into<00:11:45.920> the 00:11:46.069 --> 00:11:46.079 align:start position:0% particular patient we went into the 00:11:46.079 --> 00:11:48.110 align:start position:0% particular patient we went into the database<00:11:46.680> for<00:11:46.959> this<00:11:47.160> particular<00:11:47.639> patient<00:11:48.000> and 00:11:48.110 --> 00:11:48.120 align:start position:0% database for this particular patient and 00:11:48.120 --> 00:11:50.829 align:start position:0% database for this particular patient and looked<00:11:48.399> for<00:11:48.800> specifically<00:11:49.800> signs<00:11:50.240> that<00:11:50.519> maybe 00:11:50.829 --> 00:11:50.839 align:start position:0% looked for specifically signs that maybe 00:11:50.839 --> 00:11:53.110 align:start position:0% looked for specifically signs that maybe there<00:11:50.959> could<00:11:51.120> be<00:11:51.360> some<00:11:51.880> zombie<00:11:52.360> viruses<00:11:52.880> so 00:11:53.110 --> 00:11:53.120 align:start position:0% there could be some zombie viruses so 00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:55.230 align:start position:0% there could be some zombie viruses so defective<00:11:53.600> virus<00:11:53.920> genomes<00:11:54.399> that<00:11:54.760> delete 00:11:55.230 --> 00:11:55.240 align:start position:0% defective virus genomes that delete 00:11:55.240 --> 00:11:57.629 align:start position:0% defective virus genomes that delete large<00:11:55.680> sections<00:11:56.120> of<00:11:56.399> information<00:11:57.399> this<00:11:57.480> is 00:11:57.629 --> 00:11:57.639 align:start position:0% large sections of information this is 00:11:57.639 --> 00:12:01.190 align:start position:0% large sections of information this is work<00:11:57.920> of<00:11:58.079> my<00:11:58.279> PhD<00:11:58.880> student<00:11:59.320> n<00:11:59.639> Jung<00:12:00.600> who<00:12:01.079> uh 00:12:01.190 --> 00:12:01.200 align:start position:0% work of my PhD student n Jung who uh 00:12:01.200 --> 00:12:03.710 align:start position:0% work of my PhD student n Jung who uh needed<00:12:01.480> to<00:12:01.600> learn<00:12:01.839> the<00:12:02.000> informatics<00:12:02.760> from<00:12:02.959> a 00:12:03.710 --> 00:12:03.720 align:start position:0% needed to learn the informatics from a 00:12:03.720 --> 00:12:06.990 align:start position:0% needed to learn the informatics from a collaborator<00:12:04.720> Colin<00:12:05.040> Dy<00:12:06.000> but<00:12:06.480> uh<00:12:06.639> eventually 00:12:06.990 --> 00:12:07.000 align:start position:0% collaborator Colin Dy but uh eventually 00:12:07.000 --> 00:12:10.350 align:start position:0% collaborator Colin Dy but uh eventually was<00:12:07.240> able<00:12:07.480> to<00:12:07.639> create<00:12:07.920> an<00:12:08.320> analogous<00:12:09.320> uh<00:12:09.839> plot 00:12:10.350 --> 00:12:10.360 align:start position:0% was able to create an analogous uh plot 00:12:10.360 --> 00:12:13.829 align:start position:0% was able to create an analogous uh plot so<00:12:10.639> here's<00:12:11.040> day<00:12:11.360> Zero<00:12:11.800> through<00:12:12.040> day<00:12:12.560> 140<00:12:13.560> and 00:12:13.829 --> 00:12:13.839 align:start position:0% so here's day Zero through day 140 and 00:12:13.839 --> 00:12:15.910 align:start position:0% so here's day Zero through day 140 and here<00:12:14.000> are<00:12:14.279> also<00:12:14.800> various<00:12:15.199> changes<00:12:15.600> that<00:12:15.720> are 00:12:15.910 --> 00:12:15.920 align:start position:0% here are also various changes that are 00:12:15.920 --> 00:12:18.670 align:start position:0% here are also various changes that are occurring<00:12:16.480> and<00:12:16.639> all<00:12:17.000> the<00:12:17.279> x-axis<00:12:18.079> represent 00:12:18.670 --> 00:12:18.680 align:start position:0% occurring and all the x-axis represent 00:12:18.680 --> 00:12:19.590 align:start position:0% occurring and all the x-axis represent various 00:12:19.590 --> 00:12:19.600 align:start position:0% various 00:12:19.600 --> 00:12:23.430 align:start position:0% various deletions<00:12:20.600> uh<00:12:20.959> uh<00:12:21.399> um<00:12:21.600> that<00:12:21.720> are<00:12:22.480> appearing 00:12:23.430 --> 00:12:23.440 align:start position:0% deletions uh uh um that are appearing 00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:26.310 align:start position:0% deletions uh uh um that are appearing and<00:12:23.639> disappearing<00:12:24.440> or<00:12:24.959> persisting<00:12:25.959> uh<00:12:26.079> over 00:12:26.310 --> 00:12:26.320 align:start position:0% and disappearing or persisting uh over 00:12:26.320 --> 00:12:29.230 align:start position:0% and disappearing or persisting uh over the<00:12:26.480> course<00:12:27.079> of<00:12:27.720> uh<00:12:27.880> this<00:12:28.240> imuno<00:12:28.680> compromis 00:12:29.230 --> 00:12:29.240 align:start position:0% the course of uh this imuno compromis 00:12:29.240 --> 00:12:32.910 align:start position:0% the course of uh this imuno compromis patients<00:12:29.959> uh<00:12:30.240> infection<00:12:31.240> so<00:12:31.800> we<00:12:32.399> don't<00:12:32.680> know 00:12:32.910 --> 00:12:32.920 align:start position:0% patients uh infection so we don't know 00:12:32.920 --> 00:12:34.949 align:start position:0% patients uh infection so we don't know what<00:12:33.079> this<00:12:33.240> really<00:12:33.440> means<00:12:33.839> yet<00:12:34.199> other<00:12:34.519> than 00:12:34.949 --> 00:12:34.959 align:start position:0% what this really means yet other than 00:12:34.959 --> 00:12:36.710 align:start position:0% what this really means yet other than there's<00:12:35.240> something<00:12:35.560> that<00:12:36.120> seems<00:12:36.360> to<00:12:36.480> be 00:12:36.710 --> 00:12:36.720 align:start position:0% there's something that seems to be 00:12:36.720 --> 00:12:39.110 align:start position:0% there's something that seems to be tagging<00:12:37.160> along<00:12:37.600> with<00:12:37.760> the<00:12:37.920> normal<00:12:38.320> virus 00:12:39.110 --> 00:12:39.120 align:start position:0% tagging along with the normal virus 00:12:39.120 --> 00:12:40.990 align:start position:0% tagging along with the normal virus there's<00:12:39.360> evidence<00:12:39.720> of<00:12:39.880> these<00:12:40.079> zombie<00:12:40.480> like 00:12:40.990 --> 00:12:41.000 align:start position:0% there's evidence of these zombie like 00:12:41.000 --> 00:12:43.430 align:start position:0% there's evidence of these zombie like virus<00:12:42.000> and<00:12:42.160> they<00:12:42.320> might<00:12:42.600> might<00:12:42.760> be 00:12:43.430 --> 00:12:43.440 align:start position:0% virus and they might might be 00:12:43.440 --> 00:12:46.470 align:start position:0% virus and they might might be co-evolving<00:12:44.440> one<00:12:45.000> per<00:12:45.560> one<00:12:45.880> perspective 00:12:46.470 --> 00:12:46.480 align:start position:0% co-evolving one per one perspective 00:12:46.480 --> 00:12:48.389 align:start position:0% co-evolving one per one perspective might<00:12:46.720> be<00:12:47.240> we<00:12:47.399> know<00:12:47.560> that<00:12:47.720> if<00:12:47.800> you<00:12:48.000> test 00:12:48.389 --> 00:12:48.399 align:start position:0% might be we know that if you test 00:12:48.399 --> 00:12:50.990 align:start position:0% might be we know that if you test positive<00:12:48.800> for<00:12:49.360> covid<00:12:50.160> that<00:12:50.279> your<00:12:50.519> symptoms 00:12:50.990 --> 00:12:51.000 align:start position:0% positive for covid that your symptoms 00:12:51.000 --> 00:12:53.430 align:start position:0% positive for covid that your symptoms can<00:12:51.160> range<00:12:51.560> from<00:12:51.839> non<00:12:52.240> from<00:12:52.440> asymptomatic<00:12:53.279> or 00:12:53.430 --> 00:12:53.440 align:start position:0% can range from non from asymptomatic or 00:12:53.440 --> 00:12:56.509 align:start position:0% can range from non from asymptomatic or non-<00:12:53.760> severe<00:12:54.480> all<00:12:54.639> the<00:12:54.760> way<00:12:54.920> to<00:12:55.279> critical<00:12:56.279> and 00:12:56.509 --> 00:12:56.519 align:start position:0% non- severe all the way to critical and 00:12:56.519 --> 00:12:58.750 align:start position:0% non- severe all the way to critical and one<00:12:56.839> perspective<00:12:57.399> might<00:12:57.639> be<00:12:57.920> that<00:12:58.160> if<00:12:58.320> zombie 00:12:58.750 --> 00:12:58.760 align:start position:0% one perspective might be that if zombie 00:12:58.760 --> 00:13:00.710 align:start position:0% one perspective might be that if zombie virus<00:12:59.320> are<00:12:59.560> prevalent<00:13:00.040> at<00:13:00.240> higher 00:13:00.710 --> 00:13:00.720 align:start position:0% virus are prevalent at higher 00:13:00.720 --> 00:13:02.790 align:start position:0% virus are prevalent at higher concentrations<00:13:01.720> then<00:13:01.920> maybe<00:13:02.199> they're 00:13:02.790 --> 00:13:02.800 align:start position:0% concentrations then maybe they're 00:13:02.800 --> 00:13:04.949 align:start position:0% concentrations then maybe they're inhibiting<00:13:03.440> the<00:13:03.639> normal<00:13:04.079> virus<00:13:04.680> and<00:13:04.800> you're 00:13:04.949 --> 00:13:04.959 align:start position:0% inhibiting the normal virus and you're 00:13:04.959 --> 00:13:07.790 align:start position:0% inhibiting the normal virus and you're having<00:13:05.199> a<00:13:05.320> less<00:13:05.519> severe<00:13:05.959> disease<00:13:06.959> whereas<00:13:07.639> if 00:13:07.790 --> 00:13:07.800 align:start position:0% having a less severe disease whereas if 00:13:07.800 --> 00:13:10.030 align:start position:0% having a less severe disease whereas if you<00:13:08.079> are<00:13:08.440> testing<00:13:09.000> positive<00:13:09.600> and<00:13:09.720> you<00:13:09.839> have 00:13:10.030 --> 00:13:10.040 align:start position:0% you are testing positive and you have 00:13:10.040 --> 00:13:12.550 align:start position:0% you are testing positive and you have very<00:13:10.320> little<00:13:10.720> zombie<00:13:11.120> virus<00:13:11.880> maybe<00:13:12.199> they<00:13:12.360> are 00:13:12.550 --> 00:13:12.560 align:start position:0% very little zombie virus maybe they are 00:13:12.560 --> 00:13:14.829 align:start position:0% very little zombie virus maybe they are not<00:13:12.839> inhibiting<00:13:13.480> the<00:13:13.639> virus<00:13:13.920> so<00:13:14.160> well<00:13:14.639> so 00:13:14.829 --> 00:13:14.839 align:start position:0% not inhibiting the virus so well so 00:13:14.839 --> 00:13:17.509 align:start position:0% not inhibiting the virus so well so you're<00:13:15.000> getting<00:13:15.279> a<00:13:15.399> more<00:13:16.040> critical<00:13:17.040> uh<00:13:17.360> kind 00:13:17.509 --> 00:13:17.519 align:start position:0% you're getting a more critical uh kind 00:13:17.519 --> 00:13:20.269 align:start position:0% you're getting a more critical uh kind of<00:13:17.800> severity<00:13:18.320> of<00:13:18.560> disease<00:13:19.399> this<00:13:19.519> is<00:13:19.720> one 00:13:20.269 --> 00:13:20.279 align:start position:0% of severity of disease this is one 00:13:20.279 --> 00:13:22.189 align:start position:0% of severity of disease this is one hypothesis<00:13:21.279> but<00:13:21.399> we've<00:13:21.639> also<00:13:21.839> looked<00:13:22.079> at 00:13:22.189 --> 00:13:22.199 align:start position:0% hypothesis but we've also looked at 00:13:22.199 --> 00:13:24.269 align:start position:0% hypothesis but we've also looked at other<00:13:22.519> immuno<00:13:23.040> compromised<00:13:23.600> patients<00:13:24.120> as 00:13:24.269 --> 00:13:24.279 align:start position:0% other immuno compromised patients as 00:13:24.279 --> 00:13:27.150 align:start position:0% other immuno compromised patients as well<00:13:24.480> as<00:13:24.920> uh<00:13:25.120> patients<00:13:25.560> who<00:13:25.839> are<00:13:26.480> um<00:13:26.880> under 00:13:27.150 --> 00:13:27.160 align:start position:0% well as uh patients who are um under 00:13:27.160 --> 00:13:29.230 align:start position:0% well as uh patients who are um under surveillance<00:13:27.839> we've<00:13:28.120> looked<00:13:28.399> at<00:13:28.600> their 00:13:29.230 --> 00:13:29.240 align:start position:0% surveillance we've looked at their 00:13:29.240 --> 00:13:31.389 align:start position:0% surveillance we've looked at their zombie<00:13:29.720> virus<00:13:30.320> uh<00:13:30.480> the<00:13:30.600> defective<00:13:31.079> virus 00:13:31.389 --> 00:13:31.399 align:start position:0% zombie virus uh the defective virus 00:13:31.399 --> 00:13:34.389 align:start position:0% zombie virus uh the defective virus genome<00:13:32.240> frequencies<00:13:33.240> and<00:13:33.720> uh<00:13:33.959> basically 00:13:34.389 --> 00:13:34.399 align:start position:0% genome frequencies and uh basically 00:13:34.399 --> 00:13:36.269 align:start position:0% genome frequencies and uh basically we've<00:13:34.600> seen<00:13:35.000> in<00:13:35.120> some<00:13:35.440> cases<00:13:35.839> patients 00:13:36.269 --> 00:13:36.279 align:start position:0% we've seen in some cases patients 00:13:36.279 --> 00:13:39.990 align:start position:0% we've seen in some cases patients recover<00:13:36.880> the<00:13:37.560> frequencies<00:13:38.199> are<00:13:38.639> a<00:13:38.760> bit<00:13:39.000> lower 00:13:39.990 --> 00:13:40.000 align:start position:0% recover the frequencies are a bit lower 00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:43.150 align:start position:0% recover the frequencies are a bit lower uh<00:13:40.160> in<00:13:40.320> one<00:13:40.680> case<00:13:41.040> so<00:13:41.279> this<00:13:41.360> is<00:13:41.519> an<00:13:41.720> N<00:13:41.920> of<00:13:42.079> one<00:13:43.040> uh 00:13:43.150 --> 00:13:43.160 align:start position:0% uh in one case so this is an N of one uh 00:13:43.160 --> 00:13:45.269 align:start position:0% uh in one case so this is an N of one uh a<00:13:43.320> patient<00:13:43.680> died<00:13:44.079> a<00:13:44.240> patient<00:13:44.519> from<00:13:44.680> the<00:13:44.839> United 00:13:45.269 --> 00:13:45.279 align:start position:0% a patient died a patient from the United 00:13:45.279 --> 00:13:47.550 align:start position:0% a patient died a patient from the United Kingdom<00:13:45.600> who<00:13:45.800> was<00:13:46.440> immunocompromised<00:13:47.440> and 00:13:47.550 --> 00:13:47.560 align:start position:0% Kingdom who was immunocompromised and 00:13:47.560 --> 00:13:49.870 align:start position:0% Kingdom who was immunocompromised and they<00:13:47.720> happen<00:13:47.959> to<00:13:48.120> have<00:13:48.440> higher<00:13:48.760> levels<00:13:49.480> of 00:13:49.870 --> 00:13:49.880 align:start position:0% they happen to have higher levels of 00:13:49.880 --> 00:13:53.389 align:start position:0% they happen to have higher levels of defective<00:13:50.320> virus<00:13:50.639> genome<00:13:51.480> frequencies<00:13:52.480> uh<00:13:52.639> so 00:13:53.389 --> 00:13:53.399 align:start position:0% defective virus genome frequencies uh so 00:13:53.399 --> 00:13:56.189 align:start position:0% defective virus genome frequencies uh so um<00:13:54.360> this<00:13:55.040> at<00:13:55.199> least<00:13:55.399> shows<00:13:55.800> that<00:13:55.920> it's 00:13:56.189 --> 00:13:56.199 align:start position:0% um this at least shows that it's 00:13:56.199 --> 00:13:58.590 align:start position:0% um this at least shows that it's possible<00:13:56.680> that<00:13:56.959> they<00:13:57.240> could<00:13:57.480> be<00:13:57.839> perhaps<00:13:58.240> not 00:13:58.590 --> 00:13:58.600 align:start position:0% possible that they could be perhaps not 00:13:58.600 --> 00:14:01.189 align:start position:0% possible that they could be perhaps not protected<00:13:59.279> but<00:13:59.560> maybe<00:14:00.279> could<00:14:00.440> be<00:14:00.639> correlated 00:14:01.189 --> 00:14:01.199 align:start position:0% protected but maybe could be correlated 00:14:01.199 --> 00:14:03.670 align:start position:0% protected but maybe could be correlated with<00:14:01.360> more<00:14:01.639> severe<00:14:02.040> disease<00:14:03.040> we<00:14:03.160> don't<00:14:03.360> know 00:14:03.670 --> 00:14:03.680 align:start position:0% with more severe disease we don't know 00:14:03.680 --> 00:14:06.430 align:start position:0% with more severe disease we don't know what<00:14:04.160> uh<00:14:04.480> What<00:14:04.959> uh<00:14:05.120> this<00:14:05.399> really<00:14:05.680> means<00:14:06.279> at 00:14:06.430 --> 00:14:06.440 align:start position:0% what uh What uh this really means at 00:14:06.440 --> 00:14:08.629 align:start position:0% what uh What uh this really means at this<00:14:06.639> point<00:14:07.600> but 00:14:08.629 --> 00:14:08.639 align:start position:0% this point but 00:14:08.639 --> 00:14:12.110 align:start position:0% this point but um<00:14:09.639> this<00:14:09.880> opens<00:14:10.240> a<00:14:10.360> number<00:14:10.600> of<00:14:10.880> questions<00:14:11.880> so 00:14:12.110 --> 00:14:12.120 align:start position:0% um this opens a number of questions so 00:14:12.120 --> 00:14:14.590 align:start position:0% um this opens a number of questions so one<00:14:12.320> is<00:14:12.519> how<00:14:12.720> are<00:14:13.079> virus<00:14:13.720> like<00:14:13.920> genomes<00:14:14.399> or 00:14:14.590 --> 00:14:14.600 align:start position:0% one is how are virus like genomes or 00:14:14.600 --> 00:14:16.430 align:start position:0% one is how are virus like genomes or these<00:14:14.759> defective<00:14:15.240> virus<00:14:15.519> genomes<00:14:16.000> how<00:14:16.160> are 00:14:16.430 --> 00:14:16.440 align:start position:0% these defective virus genomes how are 00:14:16.440 --> 00:14:19.150 align:start position:0% these defective virus genomes how are the<00:14:16.600> zombie<00:14:16.959> viruses<00:14:17.839> uh<00:14:18.120> linked<00:14:18.480> to<00:14:18.639> disease 00:14:19.150 --> 00:14:19.160 align:start position:0% the zombie viruses uh linked to disease 00:14:19.160 --> 00:14:21.590 align:start position:0% the zombie viruses uh linked to disease severity<00:14:20.160> we've<00:14:20.399> suggested<00:14:20.959> they<00:14:21.120> could<00:14:21.279> be 00:14:21.590 --> 00:14:21.600 align:start position:0% severity we've suggested they could be 00:14:21.600 --> 00:14:23.749 align:start position:0% severity we've suggested they could be causing<00:14:22.000> more<00:14:22.320> severe<00:14:22.720> disease<00:14:23.240> or<00:14:23.440> less 00:14:23.749 --> 00:14:23.759 align:start position:0% causing more severe disease or less 00:14:23.759 --> 00:14:26.189 align:start position:0% causing more severe disease or less severe<00:14:24.120> disease<00:14:25.120> we'd<00:14:25.320> like<00:14:25.480> to<00:14:25.639> better 00:14:26.189 --> 00:14:26.199 align:start position:0% severe disease we'd like to better 00:14:26.199 --> 00:14:27.590 align:start position:0% severe disease we'd like to better understand<00:14:26.440> how<00:14:26.639> these<00:14:26.880> defective<00:14:27.320> virus 00:14:27.590 --> 00:14:27.600 align:start position:0% understand how these defective virus 00:14:27.600 --> 00:14:30.110 align:start position:0% understand how these defective virus genomes<00:14:28.040> or<00:14:28.240> zombie<00:14:28.560> viruses<00:14:29.240> function<00:14:30.000> how 00:14:30.110 --> 00:14:30.120 align:start position:0% genomes or zombie viruses function how 00:14:30.120 --> 00:14:32.150 align:start position:0% genomes or zombie viruses function how do<00:14:30.320> they<00:14:30.600> interact<00:14:31.199> with<00:14:31.320> the<00:14:31.480> resources<00:14:31.920> of 00:14:32.150 --> 00:14:32.160 align:start position:0% do they interact with the resources of 00:14:32.160 --> 00:14:34.749 align:start position:0% do they interact with the resources of the<00:14:32.320> normal<00:14:33.079> infected<00:14:33.519> cell<00:14:34.279> or<00:14:34.440> during 00:14:34.749 --> 00:14:34.759 align:start position:0% the normal infected cell or during 00:14:34.759 --> 00:14:37.150 align:start position:0% the normal infected cell or during co-infections<00:14:35.600> how<00:14:35.720> do<00:14:35.920> they<00:14:36.199> activate 00:14:37.150 --> 00:14:37.160 align:start position:0% co-infections how do they activate 00:14:37.160 --> 00:14:39.509 align:start position:0% co-infections how do they activate immune<00:14:37.600> responses<00:14:38.240> either<00:14:38.680> innate<00:14:39.199> or 00:14:39.509 --> 00:14:39.519 align:start position:0% immune responses either innate or 00:14:39.519 --> 00:14:42.430 align:start position:0% immune responses either innate or adaptive<00:14:40.000> immune<00:14:40.680> responses<00:14:41.680> ultimately<00:14:42.240> are 00:14:42.430 --> 00:14:42.440 align:start position:0% adaptive immune responses ultimately are 00:14:42.440 --> 00:14:45.430 align:start position:0% adaptive immune responses ultimately are there<00:14:42.639> design<00:14:43.000> rules<00:14:43.440> that<00:14:43.639> we<00:14:43.800> could<00:14:44.519> um<00:14:45.000> uh 00:14:45.430 --> 00:14:45.440 align:start position:0% there design rules that we could um uh 00:14:45.440 --> 00:14:47.389 align:start position:0% there design rules that we could um uh figure<00:14:45.800> out<00:14:46.160> from<00:14:46.399> studying<00:14:47.000> these 00:14:47.389 --> 00:14:47.399 align:start position:0% figure out from studying these 00:14:47.399 --> 00:14:50.430 align:start position:0% figure out from studying these beneficial<00:14:48.199> defective<00:14:48.680> virus<00:14:49.199> genomes<00:14:50.199> so 00:14:50.430 --> 00:14:50.440 align:start position:0% beneficial defective virus genomes so 00:14:50.440 --> 00:14:52.189 align:start position:0% beneficial defective virus genomes so I've<00:14:50.680> hinted<00:14:51.040> towards<00:14:51.320> the<00:14:51.519> idea<00:14:51.839> that<00:14:52.040> they 00:14:52.189 --> 00:14:52.199 align:start position:0% I've hinted towards the idea that they 00:14:52.199 --> 00:14:56.550 align:start position:0% I've hinted towards the idea that they might<00:14:52.560> be<00:14:53.560> uh<00:14:53.880> helping<00:14:54.199> us<00:14:54.839> Prov<00:14:55.839> um<00:14:56.160> prevent 00:14:56.550 --> 00:14:56.560 align:start position:0% might be uh helping us Prov um prevent 00:14:56.560 --> 00:14:59.470 align:start position:0% might be uh helping us Prov um prevent future<00:14:57.000> pandemics<00:14:57.880> we<00:14:58.040> have<00:14:58.320> currently<00:14:59.120> drugs 00:14:59.470 --> 00:14:59.480 align:start position:0% future pandemics we have currently drugs 00:14:59.480 --> 00:15:01.550 align:start position:0% future pandemics we have currently drugs and<00:14:59.720> vaccines<00:15:00.320> that<00:15:00.560> interfere<00:15:01.000> with<00:15:01.160> normal 00:15:01.550 --> 00:15:01.560 align:start position:0% and vaccines that interfere with normal 00:15:01.560 --> 00:15:04.110 align:start position:0% and vaccines that interfere with normal virus<00:15:01.920> growth<00:15:02.720> and<00:15:02.959> activate<00:15:03.480> protective 00:15:04.110 --> 00:15:04.120 align:start position:0% virus growth and activate protective 00:15:04.120 --> 00:15:06.710 align:start position:0% virus growth and activate protective immune<00:15:04.680> responses<00:15:05.680> and<00:15:05.839> a<00:15:06.040> claim<00:15:06.360> here<00:15:06.560> is 00:15:06.710 --> 00:15:06.720 align:start position:0% immune responses and a claim here is 00:15:06.720 --> 00:15:08.470 align:start position:0% immune responses and a claim here is that<00:15:07.000> these<00:15:07.240> therapeutic<00:15:07.880> interfering 00:15:08.470 --> 00:15:08.480 align:start position:0% that these therapeutic interfering 00:15:08.480 --> 00:15:10.870 align:start position:0% that these therapeutic interfering particles<00:15:08.959> can<00:15:09.079> do<00:15:09.320> the<00:15:09.480> same<00:15:10.279> but<00:15:10.399> they<00:15:10.560> also 00:15:10.870 --> 00:15:10.880 align:start position:0% particles can do the same but they also 00:15:10.880 --> 00:15:13.269 align:start position:0% particles can do the same but they also offer<00:15:11.240> additional<00:15:11.759> possibilities<00:15:12.720> one<00:15:13.120> is 00:15:13.269 --> 00:15:13.279 align:start position:0% offer additional possibilities one is 00:15:13.279 --> 00:15:15.749 align:start position:0% offer additional possibilities one is that<00:15:13.480> they<00:15:13.720> amplify<00:15:14.440> by<00:15:14.600> praying<00:15:15.000> on<00:15:15.240> Infected 00:15:15.749 --> 00:15:15.759 align:start position:0% that they amplify by praying on Infected 00:15:15.759 --> 00:15:18.749 align:start position:0% that they amplify by praying on Infected cells<00:15:16.759> currently<00:15:17.279> there<00:15:17.399> are<00:15:17.560> no<00:15:17.880> drugs<00:15:18.440> or 00:15:18.749 --> 00:15:18.759 align:start position:0% cells currently there are no drugs or 00:15:18.759 --> 00:15:21.509 align:start position:0% cells currently there are no drugs or vaccines<00:15:19.240> that<00:15:19.519> amplify<00:15:20.279> themselves<00:15:21.160> in<00:15:21.320> the 00:15:21.509 --> 00:15:21.519 align:start position:0% vaccines that amplify themselves in the 00:15:21.519 --> 00:15:23.829 align:start position:0% vaccines that amplify themselves in the presence<00:15:21.800> of<00:15:21.959> the<00:15:22.120> disease<00:15:23.120> so<00:15:23.320> that's 00:15:23.829 --> 00:15:23.839 align:start position:0% presence of the disease so that's 00:15:23.839 --> 00:15:25.990 align:start position:0% presence of the disease so that's potential<00:15:24.480> interesting<00:15:25.040> feature<00:15:25.480> of 00:15:25.990 --> 00:15:26.000 align:start position:0% potential interesting feature of 00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:27.949 align:start position:0% potential interesting feature of therapeutic<00:15:26.639> interfering 00:15:27.949 --> 00:15:27.959 align:start position:0% therapeutic interfering 00:15:27.959 --> 00:15:29.910 align:start position:0% therapeutic interfering particles<00:15:28.959> therapeutic<00:15:29.440> interfering 00:15:29.910 --> 00:15:29.920 align:start position:0% particles therapeutic interfering 00:15:29.920 --> 00:15:32.230 align:start position:0% particles therapeutic interfering particles<00:15:30.839> since<00:15:31.079> they<00:15:31.199> are<00:15:31.399> virus-like<00:15:32.000> can 00:15:32.230 --> 00:15:32.240 align:start position:0% particles since they are virus-like can 00:15:32.240 --> 00:15:34.710 align:start position:0% particles since they are virus-like can also<00:15:32.519> transmit<00:15:33.160> between<00:15:33.480> hosts<00:15:34.279> just<00:15:34.480> like 00:15:34.710 --> 00:15:34.720 align:start position:0% also transmit between hosts just like 00:15:34.720 --> 00:15:38.030 align:start position:0% also transmit between hosts just like viruses<00:15:35.199> do<00:15:36.079> So<00:15:36.600> currently<00:15:37.399> drugs<00:15:37.839> and 00:15:38.030 --> 00:15:38.040 align:start position:0% viruses do So currently drugs and 00:15:38.040 --> 00:15:40.949 align:start position:0% viruses do So currently drugs and vaccines<00:15:38.600> do<00:15:38.800> not<00:15:39.040> transmit<00:15:39.600> between<00:15:40.000> hosts 00:15:40.949 --> 00:15:40.959 align:start position:0% vaccines do not transmit between hosts 00:15:40.959 --> 00:15:42.550 align:start position:0% vaccines do not transmit between hosts so<00:15:41.160> if<00:15:41.240> you're<00:15:41.399> an<00:15:41.560> antivaxer<00:15:42.360> it's 00:15:42.550 --> 00:15:42.560 align:start position:0% so if you're an antivaxer it's 00:15:42.560 --> 00:15:44.790 align:start position:0% so if you're an antivaxer it's conceivable<00:15:43.319> that<00:15:43.440> you<00:15:43.560> could<00:15:43.839> receive 00:15:44.790 --> 00:15:44.800 align:start position:0% conceivable that you could receive 00:15:44.800 --> 00:15:47.230 align:start position:0% conceivable that you could receive protection<00:15:45.480> from<00:15:45.680> someone<00:15:46.040> who<00:15:46.199> has<00:15:46.399> been 00:15:47.230 --> 00:15:47.240 align:start position:0% protection from someone who has been 00:15:47.240 --> 00:15:48.949 align:start position:0% protection from someone who has been inoculated<00:15:48.000> with<00:15:48.199> a<00:15:48.399> therapeutic 00:15:48.949 --> 00:15:48.959 align:start position:0% inoculated with a therapeutic 00:15:48.959 --> 00:15:50.309 align:start position:0% inoculated with a therapeutic interfering 00:15:50.309 --> 00:15:50.319 align:start position:0% interfering 00:15:50.319 --> 00:15:52.389 align:start position:0% interfering particle<00:15:51.319> therapeutic<00:15:51.880> interfering 00:15:52.389 --> 00:15:52.399 align:start position:0% particle therapeutic interfering 00:15:52.399 --> 00:15:54.389 align:start position:0% particle therapeutic interfering particles<00:15:52.959> also<00:15:53.279> have<00:15:53.480> the<00:15:53.680> possibility<00:15:54.199> of 00:15:54.389 --> 00:15:54.399 align:start position:0% particles also have the possibility of 00:15:54.399 --> 00:15:57.590 align:start position:0% particles also have the possibility of resisting<00:15:54.920> virus<00:15:55.360> Escape<00:15:56.360> viruses<00:15:57.000> Escape 00:15:57.590 --> 00:15:57.600 align:start position:0% resisting virus Escape viruses Escape 00:15:57.600 --> 00:16:00.470 align:start position:0% resisting virus Escape viruses Escape current<00:15:58.000> vaccines<00:15:58.480> have<00:15:59.120> drugs<00:15:59.839> because<00:16:00.240> they 00:16:00.470 --> 00:16:00.480 align:start position:0% current vaccines have drugs because they 00:16:00.480 --> 00:16:03.389 align:start position:0% current vaccines have drugs because they create<00:16:01.000> genetic<00:16:01.680> variation<00:16:02.680> that<00:16:02.839> can<00:16:03.000> allow 00:16:03.389 --> 00:16:03.399 align:start position:0% create genetic variation that can allow 00:16:03.399 --> 00:16:04.110 align:start position:0% create genetic variation that can allow them 00:16:04.110 --> 00:16:04.120 align:start position:0% them 00:16:04.120 --> 00:16:08.829 align:start position:0% them to<00:16:05.240> resist<00:16:06.240> uh<00:16:06.680> the<00:16:07.240> effects<00:16:07.560> of<00:16:07.759> drugs<00:16:08.600> but 00:16:08.829 --> 00:16:08.839 align:start position:0% to resist uh the effects of drugs but 00:16:08.839 --> 00:16:10.870 align:start position:0% to resist uh the effects of drugs but therapeutic<00:16:09.360> interfering<00:16:09.959> particles<00:16:10.519> use 00:16:10.870 --> 00:16:10.880 align:start position:0% therapeutic interfering particles use 00:16:10.880 --> 00:16:12.990 align:start position:0% therapeutic interfering particles use the<00:16:11.040> same<00:16:11.480> error<00:16:11.880> prone<00:16:12.160> Machinery<00:16:12.720> that<00:16:12.839> the 00:16:12.990 --> 00:16:13.000 align:start position:0% the same error prone Machinery that the 00:16:13.000 --> 00:16:15.710 align:start position:0% the same error prone Machinery that the virus<00:16:13.480> uses<00:16:14.319> so<00:16:14.560> they<00:16:14.680> have<00:16:14.839> the<00:16:15.079> possibility 00:16:15.710 --> 00:16:15.720 align:start position:0% virus uses so they have the possibility 00:16:15.720 --> 00:16:18.430 align:start position:0% virus uses so they have the possibility of<00:16:16.240> co-evolving<00:16:17.240> with<00:16:17.399> the<00:16:17.639> virus<00:16:18.160> and<00:16:18.279> there 00:16:18.430 --> 00:16:18.440 align:start position:0% of co-evolving with the virus and there 00:16:18.440 --> 00:16:20.949 align:start position:0% of co-evolving with the virus and there is<00:16:18.759> actually<00:16:19.120> work<00:16:19.839> uh<00:16:20.000> very<00:16:20.199> old<00:16:20.480> work<00:16:20.839> that 00:16:20.949 --> 00:16:20.959 align:start position:0% is actually work uh very old work that 00:16:20.959 --> 00:16:23.749 align:start position:0% is actually work uh very old work that we<00:16:21.079> are<00:16:21.399> working<00:16:21.800> to<00:16:22.040> reproduce<00:16:23.040> in<00:16:23.240> which 00:16:23.749 --> 00:16:23.759 align:start position:0% we are working to reproduce in which 00:16:23.759 --> 00:16:25.590 align:start position:0% we are working to reproduce in which therapeutic<00:16:24.279> interfering<00:16:24.839> particles<00:16:25.399> and 00:16:25.590 --> 00:16:25.600 align:start position:0% therapeutic interfering particles and 00:16:25.600 --> 00:16:27.030 align:start position:0% therapeutic interfering particles and viruses<00:16:26.160> can<00:16:26.319> be 00:16:27.030 --> 00:16:27.040 align:start position:0% viruses can be 00:16:27.040 --> 00:16:29.309 align:start position:0% viruses can be co-evolving<00:16:28.040> so<00:16:28.360> if<00:16:28.480> we<00:16:28.680> think<00:16:28.920> think<00:16:29.120> about 00:16:29.309 --> 00:16:29.319 align:start position:0% co-evolving so if we think think about 00:16:29.319 --> 00:16:31.790 align:start position:0% co-evolving so if we think think about the<00:16:29.480> powerful<00:16:29.959> new<00:16:30.480> features<00:16:30.959> of<00:16:31.279> therapeutic 00:16:31.790 --> 00:16:31.800 align:start position:0% the powerful new features of therapeutic 00:16:31.800 --> 00:16:34.030 align:start position:0% the powerful new features of therapeutic interfering<00:16:32.399> particles<00:16:33.279> we<00:16:33.440> have<00:16:33.560> to<00:16:33.720> also 00:16:34.030 --> 00:16:34.040 align:start position:0% interfering particles we have to also 00:16:34.040 --> 00:16:36.069 align:start position:0% interfering particles we have to also recognize<00:16:34.600> that<00:16:34.720> there<00:16:34.839> will<00:16:35.000> be<00:16:35.199> new<00:16:35.519> risks 00:16:36.069 --> 00:16:36.079 align:start position:0% recognize that there will be new risks 00:16:36.079 --> 00:16:39.150 align:start position:0% recognize that there will be new risks and<00:16:36.199> this<00:16:36.360> opens<00:16:36.759> new<00:16:37.120> ethical<00:16:37.720> questions<00:16:38.720> so 00:16:39.150 --> 00:16:39.160 align:start position:0% and this opens new ethical questions so 00:16:39.160 --> 00:16:40.749 align:start position:0% and this opens new ethical questions so I<00:16:39.279> think<00:16:39.440> it's<00:16:39.639> important<00:16:40.000> for<00:16:40.160> us<00:16:40.279> to<00:16:40.440> be 00:16:40.749 --> 00:16:40.759 align:start position:0% I think it's important for us to be 00:16:40.759 --> 00:16:42.590 align:start position:0% I think it's important for us to be aware<00:16:41.079> of<00:16:41.279> these<00:16:41.519> sorts<00:16:41.800> of<00:16:42.000> questions<00:16:42.399> that 00:16:42.590 --> 00:16:42.600 align:start position:0% aware of these sorts of questions that 00:16:42.600 --> 00:16:46.350 align:start position:0% aware of these sorts of questions that also<00:16:43.319> arise<00:16:44.319> I<00:16:44.560> have<00:16:44.880> a<00:16:44.959> number<00:16:45.199> of<00:16:45.639> uh<00:16:46.040> great 00:16:46.350 --> 00:16:46.360 align:start position:0% also arise I have a number of uh great 00:16:46.360 --> 00:16:48.110 align:start position:0% also arise I have a number of uh great collaborators<00:16:47.120> I<00:16:47.240> just<00:16:47.360> want<00:16:47.480> to<00:16:47.959> uh 00:16:48.110 --> 00:16:48.120 align:start position:0% collaborators I just want to uh 00:16:48.120 --> 00:16:50.910 align:start position:0% collaborators I just want to uh highlight<00:16:48.600> here<00:16:49.199> in<00:16:49.399> particular<00:16:49.920> Colin<00:16:50.279> Dy 00:16:50.910 --> 00:16:50.920 align:start position:0% highlight here in particular Colin Dy 00:16:50.920 --> 00:16:52.509 align:start position:0% highlight here in particular Colin Dy from<00:16:51.199> biostatistics<00:16:52.000> and<00:16:52.160> medical 00:16:52.509 --> 00:16:52.519 align:start position:0% from biostatistics and medical 00:16:52.519 --> 00:16:55.110 align:start position:0% from biostatistics and medical informatics<00:16:53.160> who's<00:16:53.399> played<00:16:53.680> a<00:16:53.839> central<00:16:54.240> role 00:16:55.110 --> 00:16:55.120 align:start position:0% informatics who's played a central role 00:16:55.120 --> 00:16:58.350 align:start position:0% informatics who's played a central role in<00:16:55.720> uh<00:16:55.880> in<00:16:56.440> uh<00:16:56.800> helping<00:16:57.800> and<00:16:57.880> my<00:16:58.040> graduate 00:16:58.350 --> 00:16:58.360 align:start position:0% in uh in uh helping and my graduate 00:16:58.360 --> 00:16:59.509 align:start position:0% in uh in uh helping and my graduate student<00:16:58.600> come<00:16:58.720> up<00:16:59.000> to<00:16:59.079> speed<00:16:59.279> on<00:16:59.360> the 00:16:59.509 --> 00:16:59.519 align:start position:0% student come up to speed on the 00:16:59.519 --> 00:17:01.629 align:start position:0% student come up to speed on the bioinformatics<00:17:00.519> we<00:17:00.720> also<00:17:01.040> have<00:17:01.199> people<00:17:01.480> in 00:17:01.629 --> 00:17:01.639 align:start position:0% bioinformatics we also have people in 00:17:01.639 --> 00:17:03.230 align:start position:0% bioinformatics we also have people in the<00:17:01.759> medical<00:17:02.079> school<00:17:02.480> and<00:17:02.680> people<00:17:02.959> working 00:17:03.230 --> 00:17:03.240 align:start position:0% the medical school and people working 00:17:03.240 --> 00:17:05.630 align:start position:0% the medical school and people working with<00:17:03.480> imuno<00:17:04.039> compromis<00:17:04.520> hamsters<00:17:05.400> and 00:17:05.630 --> 00:17:05.640 align:start position:0% with imuno compromis hamsters and 00:17:05.640 --> 00:17:07.789 align:start position:0% with imuno compromis hamsters and evolutionary<00:17:06.360> biologists<00:17:07.000> who<00:17:07.120> are<00:17:07.280> helping 00:17:07.789 --> 00:17:07.799 align:start position:0% evolutionary biologists who are helping 00:17:07.799 --> 00:17:10.949 align:start position:0% evolutionary biologists who are helping us<00:17:08.799> so<00:17:09.319> that<00:17:09.480> concludes<00:17:09.959> my<00:17:10.199> talk<00:17:10.640> thanks<00:17:10.839> a 00:17:10.949 --> 00:17:10.959 align:start position:0% us so that concludes my talk thanks a 00:17:10.959 --> 00:17:13.230 align:start position:0% us so that concludes my talk thanks a lot<00:17:11.160> for<00:17:11.319> the<00:17:11.520> opportunity<00:17:12.480> feel<00:17:12.720> free<00:17:12.959> to 00:17:13.230 --> 00:17:13.240 align:start position:0% lot for the opportunity feel free to 00:17:13.240 --> 00:17:16.069 align:start position:0% lot for the opportunity feel free to take<00:17:13.360> a<00:17:13.480> look<00:17:13.640> at<00:17:13.760> our<00:17:14.000> website<00:17:14.439> or<00:17:14.640> contact<00:17:15.280> me 00:17:16.069 --> 00:17:16.079 align:start position:0% take a look at our website or contact me 00:17:16.079 --> 00:17:18.549 align:start position:0% take a look at our website or contact me uh<00:17:16.199> if<00:17:16.360> I'm<00:17:16.520> not<00:17:16.679> able<00:17:16.880> to<00:17:17.079> get<00:17:17.280> your<00:17:17.559> questions 00:17:18.549 --> 00:17:18.559 align:start position:0% uh if I'm not able to get your questions 00:17:18.559 --> 00:17:23.240 align:start position:0% uh if I'm not able to get your questions uh<00:17:18.799> during<00:17:19.079> today's<00:17:19.640> session<00:17:20.199> thanks<00:17:20.439> a<00:17:20.559> lot