2025 Articles

Recent HIV testing and self-reported HIV prevalence among men who inject drugs in Afghanistan: a nationwide survey in 2019–2020

Sabawoon, Ajmal; Naderi, Sima; Sadaat, Said I.; Rasheed, Abdul; Atarud, Alim; Tavakoli, Fatemeh; Sahrifi, Hamid; Mirzazadeh, Ali

Background
People who inject drugs (PWID) remain at high risk for HIV in many countries, including Afghanistan. Previous reports on HIV testing and prevalence in Afghanistan were published in 2012. This study assessed recent HIV testing and self-reported HIV prevalence among male PWID in Afghanistan from 2019 to 2020.

Method
We visited 374 public venues and hotpots where PWID used to gather and meet their peers across 8 cities in Afghanistan to enroll eligible participants in our study. Using interviews and a survey, our trained interviewers collected data on the demographics, types of drugs, HIV testing history, and self-reported HIV status of the participants. We analyzed the data using the venues and hotpots as clusters to report the percentages of recent HIV tests and self-reported HIV prevalence overall and in subgroups defined by demographic characteristics and locations.

Results
Among the 1385 participants, most were from Kabul city (28.9%), spoke Dari (67.4%), were aged 25–34 years (42.1%), and were married (52.4%). Overall, 70.7% (95% CI 67.6–73.6) (ranging from 20.0% in Kandahar to 99.3% in Mazar-i-Sharif) were tested for HIV within the past 12 months. Among those who had ever been tested for HIV, 20.7% (95% CI 17.8–24.0) (ranging from 0% in Zarang to 63.2% in Kabul) reported being positive for HIV.

Conclusion
Compared with the results of a similar study in 2012, we found a significant improvement in HIV testing coverage among PWID in Afghanistan. The high self-reported HIV prevalence among this group also highlights the need for targeted screening and treatment programs for PWID in Afghanistan, particularly in the cities of Kabul and Jalalabad.