2024 Articles

Impact of neighborhood-level COVID-19 mortality on the increase in drug overdose mortality in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic

Olawole, Wuraola; Li, Guohua; Zhou, Ziqi; Wu, Zhixing; Chen, Qixuan

Background
Overdose mortality increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is unclear to what extent the COVID-19 mortality had contributed to this increase at the neighborhood level. Methods This was an ecological study based on New York City United Hospital Fund (NYC UHF) neighborhood-level data from 2019 to 2021, split into two time-windows: pre-COVID (2019) and during-COVID (2020 and 2021). Linear regression models were used to estimate the effect of cumulative COVID-19 mortality on the increase in drug overdose mortality from the pre-COVD to during-COVID periods at the neighborhood level, with and without adjusting for neighborhood characteristics.

Results
Drug overdose mortality rate increased from 21.3 to 33.4 deaths per 100,000 person-years across NYC UHF neighborhoods from pre-COVID to during-COVID. For each additional COVID-19 death per 1,000 person-years at the neighborhood level, the increase in drug overdose mortality rose 2.4 (95% CI: 1.7, 3.3) times. Furthermore, neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Hispanic residents, a higher percentage of single-person households, and a higher percentage of residents with health insurance experienced significantly larger increases in drug overdose mortality. In contrast, neighborhoods with a higher percentage of residents aged 75 and older had a smaller increase in drug overdose mortality.

Conclusions
NYC neighborhoods with higher cumulative COVID-19 mortality experienced a greater increase in drug overdose mortality during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic.