Articles

New historical records and relationships among ¹⁴C production rates, abundance and color of low latitude auroras and sunspot abundance

Abbott, Dallas Helen; Juhl, Robert

Incursions of high-energy particles from space, specifically solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays, have significant effects on the Earth, including disruption of the Earth’s magnetic field, generation of electric fields strong enough to damage electronic devices as well as the production of auroras at low-latitudes, within 45° of the magnetic equator. We examine the relationships among ¹⁴C production, auroral abundance, auroral color and sunspot abundance using existing data supplemented by a new dataset. The new dataset, based on Chinese and Korean records from A.D. 1100–1700, includes 46 new or revised records of sunspots and 279 records of low-latitude auroras. Low-latitude auroras are predominantly red (66%, 835 events) with lesser proportions of white (20%, 253 events) and black auroras (6%, 67 events). All other auroral colors (green, yellow, multicolored, blue and purple) aggregate to a total of 100 events (8%). Overall, white auroras are more frequent during times of higher ¹⁴C production. We use two empirical methods of evaluating the flux of high-energy particles: modeled peaks and lows in 14C production and peaks and lows in the ¹⁴C calibration curve. We find that comparison to modeled ¹⁴C production gives significant results. White auroras are significantly more abundant (98% probability) at times of high production of ¹⁴C. Red auroras are somewhat more abundant (88% probability) at times of low production of ¹⁴C. The abundances of black, multicolored, green, yellow, and blue auroras between times of low and high ¹⁴C production are not significantly different. Violet/purple auroras are significantly more abundant (98% probability) at times of low ¹⁴C production. The positive correlation of violet/purple auroras with times of low ¹⁴C production rate and the lack of correlation of blue auroras with times of high ¹⁴C production is surprising, for this portion of the visible spectrum contains strong emission lines and some lines with high energies of excitation. Observations of emissions in the blue to violet part of the spectrum may be biased towards time periods when the atmosphere is exceptionally clear, as these colors are more difficult for the human eye to perceive.

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Title
Advances in Space Research
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2016.07.015

More About This Work

Academic Units
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Marine Geology and Geophysics
Published Here
January 9, 2018